NJRSF Abstracts, 2003

BIOCHEMISTRY

BOTANY

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

ENGINEERING

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

MICROBIOLOGY

MATHEMATICS and COMPUTERS

MEDICINE and HEALTH

PHYSICS

ZOOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY

Genomic Informatics

This project examines the DNA sequence of hemoglobin-B of humans and compares it to those of other species. Using nucleotide sequences consisting of A’s T’s G’s and C’s, certain sequences of genes from separate species are compared using NCBI’s BLAST (Basic Local Assignment Search Tool) website and other methods of DNA comparison. Using the given numerical value from the BLAST database and other traditional methods of gene comparison, a polygenetic tree is constructed, listing the positions of organisms in relation to each other based on their hemoglobin-B gene sequence. This project also explores other methods of DNA sequences used by scientists in their efforts to map the human Genome, and genes of other species, and will examines the role of informaticts in gene comparison and current DNA technology. Through analyzing the results yielded by the phylogenetic tree, a grasp upon the usefullness and efficiency of today’s Internet resources in the analysis of the ever increasing amount of genetic information as well as a glimpse into the ongoing process of evolution are provided.

Structure Function Studies on Human Telomerase

During the copying process, DNA polymerase is unable to copy the entire 3-prime end of the parent strand. This results in a gap at the 5-prime end of the daughter DNA. This phenomenon, called the end replication problem, causes the daughter DNA strand to be shorter than the parent DNA. Due to this problem, it is impossible for the entire chromosome to be copied during replication. To prevent the loss of important genetic information from one generation to the next, the chromosome ends are capped with regions of non-informational genetic material called telomeres. Telomeres are instead made up of tandem repeats of a short nucleotide sequence. In humans, the telomeres consist of repeats of a six-nucleotide sequence, TTAGGG. Due to the end replication problem, the length of the telomeres is shortened after each round of replication. The cell needs a way of restoring telomere length so it can continue to replicate without losing genetic information. The most common way cells accomplish this is through the activation of the telomerase enzyme complex, which can extend the length of the telomeres so that additional replication can take place without genetic erosion. This project deals with the importance of the Motif E region of telomerase, as well as the RNA subunit of the enzyme complex. In order to determine the amino acids of importance in these regions, mutations were made and analyzed using functional assays. It was found that the activity of the mutants greatly differed from that of the wild type.

Functional Analysis of Yeast Gene Nop14: Phase II

The object of this year’s research was to determine the molecular basis of the ts phenotype for the ts NOP14 constructed last year, as well as that of the high copy suppressor, to provide insight into NOP14’s essential functions. First, the DNA sequence of both the ts NOP14 and the suppressor were determined. Unexpectedly, ts NOP14 was found to encode both point mutations of 5 codons and a small deletion of 44 codons, both of which were necessary for the ts phenotype. The unknown yeast gene YPR144c was isolated as the suppressor, and found to be present in all known protein complexes containing NOP14. To test if the ts Nop14 had an altered localization at the nonpermissive temperature, the ts Nop14 was fused to EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) and the location of Nop14 examined. To explore whether its interaction with other proteins was affected, both wt and ts Nop14 were fused with a modified TAP (tandem affinity purification) gene. These tagged proteins were purified by affinity column chromatography. The first sets of purification have been uninformative due to extensive proteolysis, and repeat experiments using different protease inhibitors are under way. Preliminary experiments to have both Nop14 and Ypr144c tagged in the same cells for further analysis are also being pursued using a novel TAP tag strepTactin.

The Effects of Somatostain on Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Stroke, the third largest cause of death, accounts for 1 of every 14.3 deaths in the United States. The current approved medical treatment is thrombolysis, the dissolving of clots. Unfortunately, thrombolysis has many restrictions and may cause severe side-affects, such as fatal haemorrhage. It is imperative that new treatments of ischaemic stroke be found and developed. During stroke, oxygen is blocked from going to the neurons. Under this stress, neurons perform cell death. A neuroprotector could be used to keep cells from dying. Since somatostatin, a peptide hormone and neurotransmitter, has shown some neuroprotective effects, it is hoped that it can be used to block the cellular pathways that instruct a cell to die. In this study, we used a cell culture model of SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells to study the possible neuroprotective effects of somatostatin. Previously, it has been shown that neuroblastoma cells endogenously express 2 of the 5 known somatostatin receptors (sst1-5). Using reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction amplification of cellular RNA we identified the sst sub2 receptor subtype in these cells. We examined the intracellular signaling pathways that the sst sub2 receptor might use in the SHSY-5Y cells. We observed that a sst sub2 subtype selective ligand increased ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that the sst sub2 receptor subtype may signal through this pathway. These data show that SRIF can regulate intracellular signaling in SHSY-5Y cells, and it may be through these signaling pathways that SRIF produces its neuroprotective effects.

Do Foods Containing Sodium Nitrite Affect the Chromosomal Structure of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro?

The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether or not excessive nitrite will lower the proliferation rates of lymphocytes, and to observe if there are any chromosomal aberrations arising as a result of the nitrite. After culturing blood and exposing it to different concentrations of sodium nitrite, a significant decrease in the mitotic rate of lymphocytes cultured in the two highest concentrations of 90 and 270 ppm could be seen when compared to the control. There were 12 metaphases per 1000 lymphatic cells in the control culture, as opposed to the culture containing 90 ppm of sodium nitrite which had 10 metaphases, and the 270 ppm culture, which only had 4. These results were the average of 15 counts for each concentration. Aberration studies did not yield any significant results, implying that the cause of the lowered mitotic rate is not due to an increased amount of chromosomal abnormalities.

Discovering Human DNA Homologues in C. elegans

The focus of this research was to identify unknown human genes shared by both humans and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). A method known as RNA mediated genetic interference (RNAi) in which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) derived from human fetal brain cell DNA was used to attempt to block the expression of a matching sequence in C. elegans. The C. elegans worms were fed Escherichia coli (E. coli) containing a plasmid with a human DNA insert and engineered to produce a corresponding dsRNA. A blocked worm gene homologous to a human insert prevents the worm’s egg from developing into a viable offspring. Observation of a bag of eggs phenotype suggests that the worm and humans share a homologous gene related to embryonic development. Two hundred ninety three screens resulted in one bag of eggs phenotype. The corresponding human DNA insert was extracted, sequenced, and researched using bioinformatics analysis. Analysis revealed a human gene located on chromosome 4 involved in the production of a protein guanylate cyclase.

Vitamin B12 and Almonds: Thiocyanate Levels in Human Saliva

The purpose of our research is to determine the concentration of the thiocyanate (SCN-) in human saliva, with the introduction of almonds and vitamin B12 into the diet. The thiocyanate ion, which is abundant in saliva and blood, is the detoxification product of cyanide metabolism in the liver. We used spectrophotometric determination to quantize the amount of thiocyanate in saliva from ten human subjects. The variable of almonds was representative of foods like nuts and cruciferous vegetables, which contain high amounts of possibly harmful cyanide and cyanogenic glucosides. One serving size (2 oz) of almonds daily, for 7 days, yielded an 18.74% increase in thiocyanate concentration. The variable of vitamin B12, which also contains significant amounts of cyanide, produces a large amount of thiocyanate as well. One serving size (100 μg) of vitamin B12 supplement daily, for 7 days, yielded a 91.29% increase in thiocyanate. Our results led to the conclusion that excess cyanide in human diets increases the detoxification.

Synthesis and Investigation of the dsDNA/RNA- Binding Properties of Styryl Dyes

Novel dsDNA/RNA-binding fluorescence sensors were developed based on combinatorially-created styryl dyes. Although only slightly different in structure, compounds 8, 9, 10 selectively bind to dsDNA/RNA depending on the position of the methoxyl groups on benzene rings, as seen by excitation and emission spectroscopy. Fluorometric titration of dsDNA with compounds 8 and 9 resulted in a significant enhancement of the emission intensity. However, only compound 8 showed a significant enhancement of emission intensity with added RNA. There was no significant change in compound 10 with added dsDNA or RNA. All results were found in a pH 7.4 environment.

• 8: 2-[4-[5-(trimethoxy)phenyl]-ethenyl-1-adamantyl]-4-methylpyridinium bromide
• 9: 3-[4-[5-(trimethoxy)phenyl]-ethenyl-1-adamantyl]-4-methylpyridinium bromide
• 10: 2-[3-[4-(trimethoxy)phenyl]-ethenyl-1-adamantyl]-4-methylpyridinium bromide

BOTANY

Immunoblotting and Immunolocalization of OMT in Vanilla Planifolia

Vanilla, an internationally popular spice, primarily owes its exotic fragrance to vanillin. A biosynthetic pathway, or series of enzymes, that converts sugars into vanillin has been proposed. In order for this pathway to be correct, each enzyme must be present in the vanillin-producing regions of the plant. This project evaluated the presence of the final enzyme in the pathway, POMT, via immunoblotting and immunolocalization. Immunoblotting was conducted with primary antibodies for POMT, and with IgG secondary antibodies. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of POMT in the roots of Vanilla planifolia, but not the beans. This inconclusive data may have been due impurities in the protein from the vanilla beans. Thus, immunolocalization, which does not require protein purification, was used to test these results. Immunolocalization was initially conducted using primary antibodies for POMT and IgG secondary antibodies carrying an FITC fluorescein marker. The strong autofluorescence of the unaltered cells masked any possible fluorescence of the immunolocalized samples, which rendered this experiment inconclusive. Therefore, a different type of secondary antibodies, IgG with a TRITC rhodamine conjugate, was used in place of the previously used secondary antibodies. These secondary antibodies showed that POMT is definitely present in both the roots and beans of Vanilla planifolia. This project achieves two main results. First, it lends us a greater understanding of Vanilla planifolia. Also, it indicates an increased likelihood that POMT is involved in the biosynthetic pathway for the production of vanillin; genetic research into POMT's role in vanillin production would most likely yield positive results.

The Effects of Companion Planting on String Beans

This research was conducted to determine which features of string beans improved when planted with eggplants. String beans were planted in pots alone and in various setups with eggplants and grown throughout the summer. Their height, number of leaves, and number of fruit were recorded. It was determined that the string beans which were planted with four eggplants grew the best, had the most leaves, and the highest number of fruit. however, none of the setups showed a statistially significant difference from the string beans that were planted alone.

The Effect of Vermiculite, Perlite, Polystyrene on Pea Plants

Perlite vermiculite and polystyrene are addible to many pre-mixed soils. These addible provide aeration and optimum moisture retention for superior plant growth. There have been on going problem for farmers to determine what components of the soil help certain plants such as pea plants to grow well enough to distribute enough peas for human consumption. Researchers have found out that these specific addible provide aeration and retention of moisture. This helps the plants to grow better. Plants need oxygen; the addible provides the plants with enough aeration. Also, plants need water for the plant to do certain procedures. Preliminary data suggests that vermiculite will have the best overall effect, due to its lightweight it was easily distributed in the soil. Also, the surface of the vermiculite holds the moisture and nutrients, making them available to the plants roots. In addition, vermiculites shape helps form air passages, which provided the plants with optimum aeration and drainage. In the future the root structure could be observed to determine the effect the soil mixtures had on the spreading and development of the roots. Also, further experimentation could be done to see if various ratios of polystyrene, vermiculite, and perlite will produce the same or different results.

Acid Rain: Silent Killer

My project is entitled Acid Rain: Silent Killer? The purpose of my project is to study the effects of acid rain on the growth rate of plants. My hypothesis is that acid rain will have a negative effect on the growth rate of Rapid Radishes. Rapid Radishes are flowering plants that grow much faster than ordinary plants. For example, the germination period for Rapid Radishes is three to four days whereas the germination period for ordinary flowering plants is ten to fourteen days. I began by ordering thirty-six Rapid Radish seeds and planting eighteen in one tray and eighteen in another. I then simulated acid rain by adding sulfuric acid to tap water. This changed the pH to a pH of three, which is approximately the pH of acid rain. I previously tested the pH of the tap water and the results showed that the water was neutral (pH 7). Then for five weeks, the time that Rapid Radishes can complete a life cycle, I watered on tray of eighteen plants with the neutral water and one tray with the acid water. Every day I measured them and at the end of the week, I calculated how much each plant grew per week and divided it by seven. I then added the average growth rate for all eighteen neutral plants and divided it by eighteen to achieve the average growth rate per day per plant for a specified week. I then did the same thing for the acid plants. In the end, the results proved my hypothesis correct. My average growth rate results were: Week 1: Neutral: 0.8 cm per day Acid: 0.1 cm per day; Week 2: Neutral: 0.7 cm per day Acid: 0.2 cm per day; Week 3: Neutral: 0.1 cm per day Acid: 0 cm per day; Week 4: Neutral: 0.2 cm per day Acid: 0 cm per day; Week 5: Neutral: 0.2 cm per day Acid: 0 cm per day.

Kitchen Hydroponics: Fresh Basil and Peppers

The purpose of this study was to find a convenient, small-scale hydroponic system where sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and green bell pepper (Capsicum annum) could be grown together indoors. Green bell peppers and sweet basil plants were set up in six different hydroponic systems, using sand, alabaster stone chips, and perlite as mediums. The hydroponic systems were compared against two control setups using soil and were grown for three months. Green bell peppers grew to the greatest height in alabaster stone chips. Sweet basil grew largest with perlite as a medium. It was determined that sweet basil and green bell peppers grew best overall when grown in a control setup.

A Study on the Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Plant Growth

The purpose of this project was to study the affects of low level ultraviolet radiation on plant growth. In the first trial, four pots were planted with Alaskan pea plants. The first pot was the control and received no radiation. The remaining pots received 3, 6, and 9 hours of low level UV radiation respectively. In this trial, all plants received the same amount of water. In the second trial, four pots were set up again with Alaskan peas, red kidney beans, morning glories, and sunflower planted in each. The first pot was the control, so it was not subject to UV radiation. The other pots were subject to 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours of UV radiation respectively. Throughout the second trial, the soil's moisture levels were measured and the plants watered accordingly. The plants were monitored for height, leaf size, number of surviving plants, leaf damage, and chlorophyll content. An indirect relationship was found between plant height, leaf size, and number of surviving plants and the amount of UV radiation the plants received. Extended exposure to low level UV radiation stunted the growth of plants, reduced leaf size, and made germination more difficult. Exposure to UV radiation did not affect the composition of the chlorophyll, but seemed to reduce the amount chlorophyll. There was also a direct relationship between the exposure to UV radiation and the amount of water needed for proper growth.

Induced Allozyme Plasticity occurs in Dogwood Trees (Cornus sp.)

ABSTRACT: The relationship between trees and their environment by studying their genes is not something that someone would generally think about. Dogwood trees were tested during this study to determine their genetic plasticity. Bud tissue samples were collected during both drought and flood summer seasons. Through electrophoretic analyses genetics of these tree samples showed allozyme variability, from one season to the next, presumably due to drastic environmental changes.

The Effect of Growth on Wheat Seeds Germinated by Laser Light in Macro & Micronutrient Enriched Soil

The purpose of this experiment is to find out if there are any added benefits to seeds germinated by laser light grown in macro and micronutrient enriched soil. I grew wheat seeds in macronurient enriched soil germinated naturally and with laser light. I grew wheat seeds in micronurient enriched soil germinated naturally and with laser light. I also grew wheat seeds in both macro and micronutrient enriched soil germinated naturally and with laser light. I will measure the number of stems, branches, heights of each stem, and how quickly they grow. After I analyze the data I will determine if one combination has any added benefits over another.

The Effect of Light Alteration on Circadian Rhythms in Plants

Circadian rhythms are biological clocks that time events that occur daily in a period of twenty-four hours. In plants, circadian rhythms control a wide variety of biological processes, including sensing changing day lengths and seasons. This is called photoperiodism, which controls many processes, such as leaf movements, photosynthesis, and the production of seeds. Plants exhibit various photoperiodic responses, which is affected by the plant’s preference to the length of day and night. Knowledge of a plant’s photoperiod would help the plant grow at its fullest potential. In order to test the affects of various light cycles on marigold plants, four groups of 16 plants each were exposed to the following light cycles: 16 hours light, 12.5 hours light, 7 hours light, and 4 hours light. Once the plants’ light cycles were completed for the day, they were placed in the dark. The height, the number of leaves, and the leaf quality were recorded everyday for four weeks. The preliminary results were that the light cycles containing a long-night and short day would yield better results. However, according to the t-test results the null hypothesis was accepted and concluded that the altering of the light cycles does not have any significant effects on the marigold plants’ growth and health.

A Botanical Survey of Untouched Land

The purpose of this research was to identify what plants would grow in an area if it was left untouched. An area was selected, measured, mapped, photographed, and surveys were taken on every plant that grew there. Surveys included height, spread, abundance, stem or trunk diameter, and position. In total, seven plants and six trees were found to be growing. It was found that, with the right conditions of sun, soil, and climate that these plants could sprout and grow in the selected area after it was no longer being tended.

The Effects of Rainfall and Temperature on Growth Rings in Trees

The purpose of this research was to test the effects of rainfall and temperature on the growth of trees using annual growth rings as the indicator. Samples of seven species of trees were collected and the annual growth rings were measured for twenty years. It was possible to determine the climate in the sycamore, tulip poplar, Native American maple, elm, and pin oak but it was not possible in the holly and cherry blossom. It was found that tree rings are a good indicator of climate.

Investigating Antiherbivory Mechanisms in Plants with possible Plant Communication

Reports of the so-called "Baxter Effect" indicated that plants had the ability to sense their surroundings much like animals. Laboratory studies with sensitive plants (Mimosa pudica) showed no intraspecies communication in terms of their antiherbivory "wilting" nor was any changes in electrical resistance or conductivity seen in other plants when measured with a multimeter.

The Correlation Between Lunar Phases and Vegetable Growth

The purpose of this research was to determine if phases of the moon have an effect on the growth of cucumbers, peppers, radishes, and onions. Each of the four vegetables was planted in the recommended lunar phase as well as out of phase. Height, leaves, number of fruits, and approximate diameter were measured at the end of each lunar phase for three lunar cycles. Results show the null hypothesis to be true; no significant difference was found in the four areas measured between the vegetables planted in phase and those planted out of phase.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Growth of Radish Plants

Ultraviolet light is solar radiation composed of wavelengths shorter that what the human eye is able to detect. UV light is divided arbitrarily into three groups based upon differing wavelength bands. UV light consists of UVA, UVB, and UVC. Studies have shown that UVB has great effects on both plants and animals. UVB reduces photosynthesis, biomass production, protein synthesis, chloroplast function, and damages DNA. Recent attention to the changes in stratospheric ozone has generated considerable interest in UV radiation, because as ozone levels decrease the amount of UV reaching the surface will certainly increase. The purpose of my research is to find out the effect UV has on plant’s height when grown in different greenhouses. In this particular experiment, one group was covered with a glass greenhouse and the other with a plastic greenhouse. The control group was without any greenhouse. Each group was exposed with the UV radiation for 30 minutes for 5 days a week. The effect that the UV has on the two greenhouses was compared to see if there was any difference in growth of the radish plants. Primilary data shows that after a week of exposure the plants in the plastic greenhouse are growing, while the plants in the glass greenhouse and control group seem to have slow growth. The UV radiation seems to have some effects on hindering the growth for the radish plants in the glass greenhouse.

The Effects of Compost Variations on the Growth of Eggplants

The purpose of this study was to explain how different materials in compost affected the growth and development of eggplants. Four ditches were dug and each was filled with compost of kitchen waste, garden waste, or newspaper. Four eggplants were planted beside each ditch and the height, leaves, buds, and fruits were measured weekly. It was found that the paper compost was the best for the eggplant growth and development overall.

Effect of Various Treatments to Sunflower Seeds Prior to Germination

Research has found that soaking seeds in water would encourage the sunflowers to grow more rapidly than not soaking the seeds (Alvarado, Plant, Cell and Environment, 2002). The effect that freezing and soaking sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) had on the height, number of leaves, the diameter of the stem and the average leave length was examined. Although research conflicts on the effect that varying temperatures of water had on the growth and health of plants, it was hypothesized that the cold water would produce the fastest growing and healthiest plants of the experiment. It was also hypothesized that the frozen seeds would grow the least and produce the worst results. Teddybear sunflower seeds in the four different treatments, frozen, unsoaked, and soaked in cold and warm tap water were used. Data was collected on the height, diameter of the stem, average leave length, and number of leaves each plant grew. The sunflower seeds soaked in the warm tap water grew the tallest, between 8mm and 10 mm in the least amount of time. The seeds soaked in the cold tap water grew the least, between 6mm and 7mm. However, the frozen seeds were the only group that had all the plants growing at the second tallest height between 7mm and 8mm. The control group grew at about an average rate between 7mm and 8mm.

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

The Effect of Odor on the Efficiency of Memory Recollection

High school students often study and memorize a large amount of data for exams. The effect of an odor present during the times student participants learn information and recall the information on the efficiency of recollection was studied. The disparity of the odor’s effectual degree among genders and in respect to how pleasant/strong/distinct subjects found the odor was accounted. All subjects were exposed to 3 groups of data, each presented in a different common scholastic examinational format. Twenty-four hours later, subjects were examined on their ability to recollect the data. The Control was exposed to the odor during the information intake period alone. It recalled an avg. of 75% of data. The Experimental was exposed to the odor during both periods. It recalled an avg. of 93% of data. Each group’s performance was significantly different when the alpha value was 0.1. The data showed that there was no correlation between gender, nor how pleasant/strong/distinct subjects found the odor, and the degree at which the Experimental performed higher than the Control. In the future, the effects of caffeine on the pace of memory operations will be explored.

Gender Differences in Technology Education

This study examines the gender differences in enrollment, work ethic, work ability, participation, and attitudes of the students in technology education classrooms of high schools in New Jersey. It seeks to confirm and assess the gender differences in those classrooms and then makes a generalized conclusion as to whether these gender difference may be due to social conditioning or psychological differences in the view of the instructors between the genders. Results proved that there was a significant gender difference in the enrollment of technology education classes; this difference is mainly due to social conditioning (in most cases); femailes tend to be more grade-oriented (in most cases) than males; females and males have equal ability to perform technology-related tasks (in most cases); and most males and females show equal work ethics and ability in classes.

Sonic Deterrance of Ants

Ants and other insect pests are deterred by a variety of methods, most of them involving toxic pesticides. In this experiment, ants in a linear enclosure were exposed to various sound frequencies and were repelled by several different frequencies. Whether or not these laboratory results can be applied to domestic settings await further testing.

Learning Styles in High School Students

The objective of my experiment was to compare and contrast the outcomes of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic tasks taken by individuals who learn through any of the three modes of absorbing material. Each has a different though effective tactic to gain knowledge whether it be seeing, hearing, or combining all elements. Fourteen students assembled in one common room at a set time, watched the predisposition, a short cartoon video, and then took a visual, auditory, and then kinesthetic task (small activities which combined both the focused learning style and problem-solving) on three separate occasions. They were also told to fill out a learning styles questionnaire beforehand to determine their background which was to be used to support my original hypothesis about the outcome of the tasks: the students will perform more efficiently at the kinesthetic task regardless of how they learn. After evaluating the results, my hypothesis was correct; the kinesthetic task results showed 100% accuracy by all learners, while the visual and auditory tasks displayed between 50-70% accuracy.

Birth Orders Relation to IQ Within Families

There has been much debate over IQ and its study concerning birth order. The IQ scores of firstborns have been found to be slightly higher than later-born children. Firstborns are able to gain an intellectual advantage through the teaching effect or becoming tutors and mentors to younger siblings (Zajonc 2001). There seems to be more pressure on firstborns due to higher expectations from parents. Another factor may be a parent wanting to fulfill their wishes through their child. Research was done to determine if there was a connection between a firstborn’s higher IQ scores and the differences in parental pressure for each child. Firstborn subjects and their younger siblings were given a questionnaire and an IQ test. The questionnaire contained questions that assessed parental pressure and expectations. An ANOVA test was used to determine significance. It was determined that the firstborns in this experiment did not show higher IQ scores than their younger sibling. However, firstborns did perceive more parental pressure to achieve academically.

Gender and Faculty Perception of Adolescent Adjustment

The purpose of this study was to determine if the gender of an individual adolescent athlete affected the score used by a high school teacher to evaluate an individual’s adjustment to adolescent life. Three identical case studies, which included details of an adolescent’s lifestyle, were administered to two central New Jersey high schools. The cases presented differed only by the gender of the individual. The means of the 30 male case responses and the 29 no gender case responses were not significantly different, but a t test indicated an extremely significant difference between the male case and the 30 female case responses. It was found that high school teachers view female adolescent athletes as far less adjusted to life based on sex role stereotyping.

Comparing Arthropod and Annelid Cognition

Comparison of Arthropod and Annelid Cognition Cognition is the intellectual processes through which information, such as memory, is obtained, transformed, stored, retrieved, and used. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the cognitive abilities of two invertebrate phyla, by repetitively using mazes increasing in complexity. Animals were placed in mazes 2-3 times to familiarize them. Food was used as a positive reinforcement for the animals representing the Phylum Arthropoda (sowbugs and pillbugs, n=6 animals per group), while animals representing the Annelid phylum (earthworms, n=6 animals per group) were positively reinforced with moist soil at the end and negatively stimulated with bright light. In between tests (3-7 days apart), animals were maintained under ideal conditions of 21.5o C with moist soil and potato and apple choppings ad libitum. The results verified that the pillbugs and sowbugs were able to respond to the stimulus more effectively because food was a positive incentive. The worms did respond quickly to the stimuli because they are very sensitive to their surroundings.

Going in Circles: A Statistical Analysis of Accidents on the Somerville Circle

Victoria Cullen Going In Circles: A Statistical Analysis of Accidents on the Somerville Circle The purpose of this research was to discover the main cause and the most common time for accidents on the Somerville Circle. A table of 389 accident records (from the Bridgewater and Raritan Police Departments) were collected and analyzed. The most common gender, time, age, and cause for accidents was determined. It was found that the most accidents occurred in the afternoon and evening due to driver inattention for drivers between the ages of 17-25. Gender does not affect the potential of a driver causing an accident.

"Predator Avoidance of the Giant Cockroach in a Laboratory Enclosure"

Following up on a previous project, giant cockroaches were housed in an laboratory "choice box" in which they had the ability to inhabit an environment containing the scent of a predator or an environment free from that scent. Cockroaches were placed in the enclosure for approximately 17 hours and at night so as to make use of their natural nocturnal behavior. Approximately 67% of the insects avoided the scent of their predator. Chi square analysis of the data failed to reject the null hypothesis that movement was due to random chance, though analysis of the mean does show a negative correlation between predator scent and movement of the insects. These results, including the negative correlation agree with earlier studies conducted by this researcher utilizing different techniques.

A High School Based Survey of Student and Faculty, Determining Background Knowledge about Organ Transplantation, and Willingness to Donate an Organ

As organ transplantation becomes more feasible and, therefore, more acceptable, doctors are experiencing an ever- increasing need for organ donors. My survey questions the attitudes (willingness, ambivalence or hesitancy, firm refusal) of high school students and faculty when asked if they would ever consider donating an organ. The survey further investigates the reasons that deter people from donating; more specifically, if prior knowledge and understanding of the transplantation process makes a person more willing to donate. I surveyed 652 anonymous respondents, categorizing their responses by age and gender. The results indicated that the respondents’ willingness to donate was influenced by their background knowledge on organ transplantation. (A chi- squared test was administered which indicated that the results were significant.)

Perceived Benefits of Semester Block Scheduling by High School Students

A total of 100 surveys were distributed throughout a high school, each containing the same 20 various questions. These surveys were first given to ten volunteering teachers, only two being from the same department (Science, English, Math, History, and Language). Each teacher chose ten students from their first block class and distributed out a permission slip to each. Once the permission slip was signed by the student¡¯s parent or guardian, and returned, the teacher gave the ten students each a copy of the survey. Five minutes were set aside for the to fill it out. Once the surveys were completed, the teachers returned all surveys and permission slips to the experimenter. After the surveys were completed, quantative data had been collected. The means, medians, modes, and averages of answers per question were computed by means of the Microsoft Excel program. The ANOVA test was also used. Research showed that, overall, the students of the high school were not pleased with effects of semester block scheduling. Most students felt that semester block scheduling does not have a positive effect on academic achievement. The research also showed that students felt that semester block scheduling does not allow teachers to spend more individual time with students, and the student-teacher relationships do not develop better. Most students were not pleased with the large classes (20+ students) and felt that teachers tried to cram in as many lessons as possible. Homework, most students felt, is not completed in a timely manner. Most students also felt that time was wasted during class, and there are often overwhelmed by the daily workload. Students who take classes on A/B block scheduling (concert choir, science research, etc.) are, overall, pleased with this method of scheduling.

The Effects of Gender on Visual Perception

The purpose of this research was to examine if gender affects perception of visual illusions. A survey of 264 male and 279 female high school students was conducted during science classes. Each person was given a survey sheet and asked to circle the name of the image they saw in the various illusions. It was found that, in most cases, gender did not affect the visual perception of the students.

The Relation of Sleep Paralysis to Teenagers

Sleep Paralysis SP is a condition in which the person experiencing it cannot move his or her limbs upon awakening from sleep. A survey was distributed to thirty high school students from grades 10-12. These students were randomly chosen based upon their placement level in classes, AP (Advanced Placement), R track (slightly advanced), and S track (average level). The survey was set up to determine whether or not SP was caused by the student’s stress, puberty, or by random chance. Based on the preliminary analysis of the data, it has been proven that AP course student’s experience SP equally than those in R track than to those in S track. The older students are more likely to experience SP than the younger ones since the older students (seniors) have more to worry about and harder classes due to college, yet preliminary analysis of the data from the survey has shown that there is an eqaul distribution of the occurrence. Of the 30 people surveyed, 100% claim to have SP in one form or another. Judging from the preliminary data it appears that the hypothesis will be rejected.

Understanding Whale Communication

Communication skills are developed out of necessity. Within the whale community, the way in which one whale communicates could provide information about its motivation, sex, age, and identity. What is it about a whale song that gives an individual whale its identity? Scientists have discovered that the songs of manatees range between one and four notes. They have also discovered that although there is a small variation in the number and in the duration of the notes within the song of an individual manatee, the variation in the number and in the duration of notes within the song of one individual manatee compared to another is large, and determines an individual's identity along with the frequency of the notes which do not change. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the number, duration, and frequency of notes in the songs of humpback whales differs in the songs of orca whales. Humpback and orca whale songs were compiled over many months from several internet sources. The songs were fed through sound analysis programs to determine and compare the number, duration, and frequency of the notes. Orca whale songs occurred at higher frequencies than humpback whale songs, but the songs of humpback whales had more notes and were of a longer duration than the songs of orca whales. Future studies will determine if the number, duration, and frequency of notes can be used to distinguish individual humpback whales from other humpback whales, and individual orca whales from other orca whales.

The Effects of TV Watching on a Teens School Activities

The purpose of this experiment was to find how viewing affects teen participation in activities. Two hundred and fifty five high school students were questioned on how much television each person watched and how this affected their extracurricular activities. The results show that most students watch one to two hours of television per day. It was found that when more television is watched students participate in fewer activities.

Perceptual Insight in the Human Brain

Perceptual insight occurs when a previously unrecognizable stimulus suddenly becomes recognizable. The neural mechanisms underlying perceptual insight are not well understood, and it is not known where and how it occurs in the brain. The purpose of this study was to devise a set of stimuli that were successful at inducing perceptual insight in order to study those brain regions involved in perceptual insight. The set of stimuli was created consisting of four levels of degradation to allow observers to be able to discern where recognition of an object occurred. Images were shown in ascending order from most to least degraded. Observers were asked to indicate when they could see the object in the image. After exposure to the original image, observers were shown the degraded versions of the image again to ascertain the stability of the induced perceptual insight. Using this procedure, we were able to establish which images had the strongest occurrence of perceptual insight. The link between perceptual insight and learning was further explored in a perceptual remembrance task that occurred one week after the initial exposure to the stimuli. We found that perceptual insight leads to a long-term change in perception, as well as a correlation between those stimuli with an originally strong occurrence of perceptual insight and those that were remembered a week later. A third experiment used the images that showed the strongest perceptual insight in an event-related fMRI experiment to anatomically localize the regions involved in perceptual insight. These results showed that the lateral occipital cortex region of the brain is involved in perceptual insight.

CHEMISTRY

Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles Using Diblock Copolymer Micelles

In this experiment, the solution behavior of diblock copolymers and metal salts was utilized to synthesize gold and silver quantum dots. When amphiphilic diblock copolymers are dissolved in a solvent that selectively dissolves one of the blocks, they associate to form micelles. These micelles can then be loaded with metal salts. The diblock copolymer used in this experiment, poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-P2VP), was dissolved in the organic solvent, toluene, to form a .5 wt.% solution. In this solution, spherical micelles were formed with non-polar shells of PS and polar cores of 2VP chains. Tetrachloroauric acid was then added in a ratio of $roman HAuCl sub 4$/P2VP = ½ to load the Au. When the $roman HAuCl sub 4$/PS-P2VP/toluene solution was spin coated onto a substrate and exposed to an electron beam, the $roman Au sup {3+}$ was reduced to $roman Au sup 0$. Under a transmission electron microscope (TEM), 15-35 nm gold nanoparticles were observed, demonstrating the selective absorption of the gold ions by the micellar core. The same procedure was followed using a $roman CH sub {3} roman CO sub {2}$Ag/PS-P2VP/toluene solution, but the silver nanoparticles observed were not as homogeneously distributed as the gold nanoparticles. Further work exploring the properties of cylindrical micelles may lead to the development of nanorods and nanowires. Nanotechnology has a promising future, with numerous applications in fields ranging from electronics and computing to medicine.

Effects of Temperature on the Dissociation Constant of Weak Acids

Equilibrium constants are temperature dependent. As the concentration and temperature of a weak acid increase, the number of ions in solution should go up. If the ion concentration is high enough then ion-ion interference will occur, affecting the rate of the reverse reaction. Therefore, at high temperatures the concentration of weak acids may affect the value of the equilibrium constant. This phenomenon will be negligible at lower temperatures, but at higher temperatures slight variations in the value of the equilibrium constant should occur. The purpose of this research project is to investigate the effects of higher temperatures on the dissociation constant for weak acids. Data will be collected using two different methods. Initially, Vernier probes and a Vernier Lab Pro interface will be utilized to gather data on pH and temperature for various concentrations of acetic acid as the acid is slowly heated. These values will be used to determine the hydrogen ion concentration and further, the equilibrium constant for the weak acid. This procedure will be repeated on the same monoprotic acid at various concentrations (i.e. 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M) to then determine the effect of concentration and temperature on the value of the constant. A constant temperature water bath and digital pH meter will then be utilized to further test and confirm the relationships between temperature, concentration, and the dissociation constant.

The Relationship of pH to the color of Honey

High acidity and dark color are properties of honey that can be considered to have a direct relationship to each other. Through substantial testing, it has been confirmed that dark honey, because of a few major properties, inhibits the growth of bacteria better than lighter colored honey. In addition, the high acidity in honey is the chief property that impacts the inhibition of bacterial growth. If this is true, then dark colored honey should have a higher acid content that light-colored honey. Several sources of honey were obtained, the color noted, and the pH of each was measured. Comparisons suggest that color is not related to differences in pH. Further research will be conducted to further enhance this hypothesis by testing a wider variety of various colored honeys.

Synthesis of Transparent Ultraviolet Light-Absorbing Poly(methyl methacrylate) Coatings

Sunglasses containing ultraviolet (UV) light-absorbing organic compounds protect the human eye against the damaging effects of UV radiation. However, UV light-absorbing organic compounds can also be used in other forms of eye protection. This project proves that UV light-absorbing compounds can be integrated into coatings for different surfaces. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a clear hard polymer, was synthesized from approximately 10 ml liquid methyl methacrylate and 0.5 g solid benzoyl peroxide. Methyl methacrylate was first run through a chromatography column with alumina to remove inhibitors present in the liquid and then combined with the benzoyl peroxide for polymerization. Films were made of PMMA by dissolving 0.5 g of the polymer in 2-3 ml methylene chloride, and pouring thin pools of the solution onto watch glasses or into brass rings. The films that resulted after the methylene chloride evaporated were then analyzed with a UV/VIS Spectrophotometer to determine the UV absorbance before any organic compounds were added. Afterwards, 0.10-0.25 g of various organic compounds were mixed with 0.5 g polymer and 2-3 ml methylene chloride and poured into films again to be analyzed with the UV/VIS Spectrophotometer. To test the absorbance of the polymer and organic compound mixture on glass, cover slips were coated with the mixture and then analyzed. It was found that benzophenone is an effective organic compound for use in the polymer, especially when used in conjunction with benzoyl acetone. Possible practical applications of this experiment include coatings for contact lenses, eyeglasses, sunglasses, goggles, windows, and windshields.

The Transmutation of Elements: C - Fe

The subject of my experiment was to test if transmutation of elements could occur using low energy levels in different types of water. In the experiment, carbon was transmuted into iron. Carbon rods were hooked up to batteries and placed in fresh and distilled water. A current passed through them as they were gently knocked against each other. A magnet was moved around in the water to catch the iron filings. Preliminary results showed that iron filings were found as excess although in minute quantities.

Non-Quaternary Componds In Conditioners For Damaged Hair

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the use of a natural oil in cream rinse conditioner as the source of conditioning through surface interaction. The use of a quaternary Ammonium compound has been favored in the last 30 years in commercially available products such as cream rinse conditioners and shampoos. If Avacado oil is used in a cream rinse conditioner, the process should be able to increase the hydrophobicity of the hair surface and provide improved wet comb properties. The Deionized water, Ceteareth-20, Stearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Avocado oil, Methyl Paraben, and Propyl were combined in a beaker and mixed while heated at 75 degrees Celsius. The heat was turned off and the emulsion cooled down to to 50 degrees Celsius. A cold water bath was used to bring the temperature of the emulsion down to 25 degrees Celsius while being mixed. This conditoner was used in Sample A for the experimental sample. The same procedure was used to make the conditioner for the Sample B, the control sample, with the exclusion of the Avacado oil. An unused damaged hair tress was cut with the weight of 2 grams and the length of 7.5 inches. A 5% active sodium lauryl sulfate aqueous solution was prepared and the pH of the hair tress was adjusted to 6.5 with NaOH. Afterwards,2 milliliters of Sample A conditioner was added to the hair tress and was washed gently for 1 minute. The swatch was worked from top to bottom with a thumb to avoid tangling. The swatch was rinsed with running water for 1 minute. The washed tress was combed manually with a hand comb 10 times until no further tangling was noticed. The wide tooth section was used first, than the thin tooth section. A 1000 milliliter beaker was filled with 800 milliliters of deionized water. The hair tress was dunked into this beaker 3 times. Excess water was removed from the swatch by squeezing between the thumb and finger. The dewatering process was repeated twice. The hair was clamped into a MTT combing accessory with the root end towards the jig. Two fingers were used to flatten the hair tress and push/guide it into the comb attached to the Dia-Stron. The swatch was combed and the data was collected. Repeat the procedure 9 more times for a total of ten trials. Repeat this previous procedure with the Sample B conditioner. From the experiment, it was established that natural oils such as Avocado Oil can be used in cream rinse conditioners in place of quaternary compounds to improve the manageability of the hair. The wet comb study results showed that the Peak Load (gmf), which is the maximum force needed to pull the comb through the hair, improved tremendously when Sample A, the experimental product, was used.

ENGINEERING

Quantitative Comparison of Expansion Properties in Third Generation Snacks

Third generation snacks, also called half-products, are popular items in other parts of the world such as South America and Asia because of their nutritional benefits and extended shelf-life. They are formed through extrusion, which subjects a starch mixture to heat and compression and discharges it, creating dense pellets that can be later expanded for home preparation. In this research, these dense pellets were created using a mixture of 50% modified corn starch and 50% amaranth flour because of its expansibility, flavor, and nutritional value, including 30% more calcium than human milk and twice the amount of phosphorous as corn in equal portions. The pellets were then brought to a low and stable moisture content of 9.36% and water activity of 0.37 by convective air drying, expanded through microwaving and deep fat frying, and tested for expansion against a similar market product. Tests included moisture analysis, fat analysis, water activity, density, aspect ratio, and porosity calculations and microscopic images. The results showed that the microwave processing of half-products produces a healthy snack with satisfying expansion properties as an alternative to the frying process.

Turning of the Screw: Fish Feeder

My project is a timed, automated fish feeder that can be controlled with a timer. The device consists of a platform, a container for the food, and a screw inside of the container. A stepper motor turns the screw, and fish food inside of the container goes through the bottom as the screw turns. The stepper motor provides the fish feeder with the accuracy and precision that makes this fish feeder viable. The turning screw is a variant of the current extrusion processes used in the meat processing industry. The fish feeder itself is homemade and was made with simple, accessible materials.

The Personal Assistant Robot

Millions of people around the world are restricted in their movement because they are vision impaired. Being this way turns simple daily activities into difficult ones since sight is one of our most essential senses. Therefore, being blind or having obstructed vision puts these people at certain disadvantages. My goal is to construct a robot that would be of great assistance in facilitating their daily tasks, thereby improving their quality of life. This would be a great alternative for those that don’t wish to use other options of aid such as assistant dogs. The robot will be made from Lego parts since it offers a clear advantage to other materials such as wood or metal in terms of saving time and effort while constructing. Using a language called NQC (Not Quite C), instead of the simple RCX code usually used, a total of 4 programs will be made that utilize touch and light sensors. My robot will be able to avoid obstacles, find areas where there is the most light, follow along the edge of a wall, and provide manual control if desired.

Mr. Clean

The purpose of this work was to determine how a vacuuming robot would perform in a variety of rooms. This robot was constructed using a programmable logic controller, a remote control car, and a handheld vacuum cleaner. This robot was tested in 5 rooms, and successfully cleaned 3 out of the 5 rooms. It was found that the robot performed best in rooms that have few objects to impede the robot’s path and have large open spaces in the middle of the room.

Broad Base Bridges

Two types of bridge designs, a standard warren arch bridge and the experimental broad base arch bridge, were examined to observe which one could support more weight. It is hypothesized that the broad base bridge will support more weight. Scaled models were built by using wooden dowels. These models were used to test their durability. To maintain the similarity of the grouped bridges, templates were formed. Preliminary results show that the standard bridge can support weights up to 3550 grams and the experimental bridge can support weights of 4100 grams. Preliminary results also indicate that the experimental bridge can support more weight than the standard arch bridges. Statistical evidence supports that the experimental bridge holds more weight.

Universal Infrared Remote Control With Learning Ability

The goal of my project was to create a multipurpose, programmable remote control module. I programmed a PIC16F877 processor to detect, analyze, and store infrared data which is passed to it from a conventional remote. I constructed a fully functional remote control which utilizes my program to learn and store 14 IR codes and to control various devices such as TVs, VCRs, DVD players, and radios from most manufacturers.

Applications of Nitinol Memory Wire

The ability of NiTinol wire to contract at various voltages and at various thickness levels was investigated. It was determined that the contractile ability of the wire increased with both increasing voltage and increasing thickness. It is hoped that these data will allow for the development of a protoype prosthetic glove that might allow for finger movement in a paralyzed patient.

Affordable Computer Controlled Braille Display

During the last twenty years, technological progress in the fields of computers and electronics have revolutionized communication and the transfer of information, especially as the cost of computer controlled devices dropped into a range affordable to most citizens of a developed country. However, during these last twenty years, the technology that would allow blind people to benefit from these advances, computer controlled braille displays, has stood still at piezo electric crystals which require thousands of volts and remain prohibitively expensive, often causing devices to cost in the range of $dollar$10,000 to $dollar$15,000. To remedy this, I designed and made prototypes for a workable computer controlled braille display that uses simple, affordable, easily powered materials and technologies so that braille displays might be available to all who could be helped by them, and also so that they might be incorporated into more of the devices that have been improving the lives of people with sight for twenty years already. All that was required was muscle wire and pen components.

The Effects of Parachute Design on the Descent Rate of a Rocket

The purpose of this experiment was to test whether the design of the parachute will have an effect upon a rocket's descent rate. Three parachutes were made and compared to a standard parachute to determine the effect of parachute shape on the descent time. The three designed parachutes all had average longer descent times than the standard parachute. It was found that parachutes design and shape does have an effect upon the descent rate of a rocket.

A Study of Anti-Icing Methods Undertaken to Fight Frozen Condensation

The purpose of my experiment was to educate myself on the effectiveness os different anti-icing procedures. I wish to ascertain this knowledge because of the career goals that I have in mind. The two anti-icing systems that I tested were internal heating system and exterior antifreeze coating. The procedures that I followed started with constructing three model wings and a test fixture to hold them. Beforehand, I cooled the wings to the outside temperature of 17 deg F by allowing them to stay outside for 3 hours. I then tested the systems first by running electrical current through nichrome (a nickel-chromium alloy) wire to heat the inside of the steel sheet metal wing. I then sprayed 17 mL of water on the wings while fanning cold air against it. I fanned the wing for 15 minutes and then took pictures of the wing. I then brought the wing inside where the ice melted and I measured all the melted ice. I repeated this process for the antifreeze wing and my control, which had no anti-icing systems. The results were that the nichrome wire system wing retained 4.75 mL of water, the antifreeze 7 mL of water, and the control 12.5 mL of water. Even the nichrome wire system had visible signs of obstruction that would largely affect aircraft during slow flight. My conclusions are that the icing is a very serious danger in the aeronautical field and that more than one system must be used to combat the deadly foe of icing.

Voice Recognition

The purpose of this project was to create a voice recognition enabled device which will help people who are incapable of using their hands. I took a Voice Direct TM 364 Speech Recognition Kit and assembled it together. Then I connected a MHz Transmitter to the unit. The voice recognition unit took the simple voice command and transmitted this information digitally to a MHz Receiver, which was also connected to a BASIC Stamp 2sx Module; a micro controller. Depending on the command, the micro controller turned to the solid stage relays to control the AC appliances (the light bulb, radio, etc.) by turning them on and off by using voice command.

A Trebuchet as a Lifesaving Device

The purpose of this research was to determine if a trebuchet can be effectively used in water rescue because of its accuracy, strength, and the independence of a power source. The trebuchet was built and used to throw a life vest using two different weights. The trebuchet launched the life vest an average distance of 2241 cm using 46.6 kg of weight. It was found that a trebuchet could be used as a water rescue device. However, for the trebuchet to be more effective, it would need to be built larger and use more counterweight than the one used in this experiment. A larger trebuchet with more counterweight would increase the life vest’s range.

Feasability of Various Working Fluids in a Heat Exchange Unit

Attempts to extract usable heat from warm ocean waters has proven to be problematic for a variety of reasons, one of which is the failure of the working fluid in the heat exchanger. In this study, a model Ocean Temperature Energy Conversion (OTEC) system was developed and working fluids were analyzed for thermal efficiency. It was determined that water at low pressure, or freon were promising candidates for an efficient OTEC system.

Wireless Environmental Control Unit

The project will be an environment control unit with a single wireless button for the physically challenged. Those in need of such a device are men and women who have lost a great deal of systemic movement and are not able to perform simple tasks that require the directional positioning of one’s hand or finger; hitting a TV remote button. The device will allow for the control of the television set, VCR, and, if needed, the cable box. The wireless button can be placed on the leg, next to the head, or near any part of the body that can be controlled, and will send a wireless signal when pressed to a processor, which takes action depending on the state of the device. The wireless aspects can be extended from simply the button to having all the devices controlled via wireless transmit and receive interface. A completely wireless system would be more expensive, but would eliminate the problems associated with running wires throughout the person’s house. The device could also be expanded to control other household appliances.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Global Warming Patterns Revealed by Isotopic Ratios in Cretaceous Oysters

Isotopic ratios of oxygen atoms from the carbonate ions of the calcium carbonate of prehistoric marine life have produced conflicting interpretations as to the temperature of the earth in the past. It is generally accepted that the Cretaceous period was a time of global warming and this interpretation is largely the result of studies of Pacific foraminifera. In this study, the oxygen isotope ratios of NJ Cretaceous oysters was compared to the isotope ratios present in modern NJ oysters. In a preliminary study, the extent of calcium carbonate leaching was determined by dissolving the original calcium carbonate of both modern and prehistoric oysters and comparing the mass of resulting residues. It was determined that the fossilization process produced a significant loss of calcium carbonate and this loss might affect isotopic ratio studies.

The Effect of Corn Gluten Hydrolysate on Weed Growth

Corn gluten meal is a natural, harmless substance that has been proven to inhibit weed growth. Corn gluten hydrolysate, a natural corn-based substance used as a protein supplement, contains a higher percentage of the dipeptides found in CGM that cause root inhibition in weeds. The purpose of this experiment was to test the effect CGH on crabgrass in comparison with CGM. It was hypothesized that CGH would have an inhibitory effect on crabgrass. This effect would be greater than the effect of CGM on crabgrass. Sixty pots of soil were divided into three groups. Group 1, the control group received no treatment. One half cup of CGM was mixed with each pot in group 2. The same amount of CGH was mixed with each pot in group 3. One tablespoon of crabgrass seeds was planted into each pot. Each day, the number of sprouts in each pot was counted, and the average height was measured. The average number of sprouts on day 5: in the control group was 247, group 2 was 6.7, and group 3 was 0. The average height of each group respectively was 1.98 cm, 0.26 cm, and 0 cm. On day 10, the average number of sprouts in the control group was 791.4 at a height of 2.61 cm. No grass in the experimental groups remained. This experiment resulted in the conclusion that CGH does have an inhibitory effect on crabgrass that is slightly greater than that of CGM. The ability of CGH to successfully inhibit the growth of crabgrass may have been due to the fact it contained inhibitory dipeptides without the excess fibers of CGM. Future research may include the study of a combined effect on crabgrass, or the effect of temperature on the root inhibition.

A Sweet Change for Sweet Potatoes: Potential All-Natural Herbicide

A process known as allelopathy is responsible for competition among plants. Through allelopathy, a plant releases chemicals to serve as a stimulus to surrounding plants. The stimulus may be in the form of toxins that kill adjacent plants, allowing the toxin-releasing plant to gain optimal access to water, nutrients, sunlight, etc. This study was designed to investigate allelopathic interactions between Ipomoea batatas (Sweet Potato) and Phaseolus vulgarus (Red Kidney Bean). Since Ipomoea batatas is known to release allelopathic toxins, I hypothesized that the exposure of Ipomoea batatas would hinder - if not terminate - the germination of Phaseolus vulgarus. The experiments were executed over a six-month period - September 2002 through February 2003 - in a greenhouse environment, in which the temperature was approximately 20 degrees Celsius. Seeds planted alone served as the control, while seeds in the experimental group were placed in the presence of slices, coarse choppings, or extract of sweet potato. The results of the experiments suggest that Ipomoea batatas has a toxin that inhibits Phaseolus vulgarus seed germination when seeds are chronically (but not acutely) exposed to it. The toxin can be inactivated by boiling. The study also suggests the potential of Ipomoea batatas to be an all-natural herbicide.

The Effect of pH on the Aluminum/Calcium Ratio in Soil

Acid deposition is a serious environmental threat. It has had a major role in recent, substantial declines in wildlife and tree populations, as well as soil nutrient depletion and water acidification. Currently, scientists are seeking to determine the rate at which certain key elements in the soil, such as calcium, are being depleted, as well as the rate at which aluminum, a toxic metal, is being mobilized, due to decreasing soil pH levels. The purpose of this research was to determine what effects decreasing pH levels have on the aluminum/calcium ratio in soil, and the effects high ratios have on earthworms. It was hypothesized that an exponential relationship between pH and the aluminum/calcium ratio would be established, and that earthworms exposed to ratios higher than one would be adversely affected. Five groups of 50 earthworms, contained in 25 containers, were exposed to five different soil pH buffer solutions. Over a 3 week time period, the amounts of calcium that were depleted from each container were measured. The amounts of aluminum that were mobilized in the soil were also determined. The number of earthworm fatalities was tallied, and their overall health was observed. The data was used in t-tests to determine its significance. Preliminary data obtained thus far has suggested that the containers exposed to the highly acidic pH solutions have experienced the steepest declines in calcium concentrations, with increases in aluminum concentrations occurring at a faster rate. The earthworms in these containers have displayed symptoms of poorer overall health, as compared to the earthworms in the less acidic containers.

Effects of 2,4-D on the Rhizosphere and Growth of Ryegrass

A bioassay was created for the detection of the harmful effect of 2,4-D, a herbicide, on the microorganisms and roots of ryegrass (the rhizosphere of the plant). As a major constituent of herbicides, excess 2,4-D in ground water run off adversely effects plant morphology. It is hypothesized to have a parallel effect on the equilibrium in the rhizosphere. This experiment involved the manipulation of 2,4-D concentration, monitoring plant growth, observation of roots, and enumeration of protozoan cultures. Water level concentrations of 2,4-D chosen for this experiment consisted of the allowable drinking water level (70ppb), irrigation water level (100ppb), and lethal concentrations (1ppm and 10ppm) which maybe present in contaminated run off. Findings revealed parallel trends in abnormal growth of the ryegrass and depressed growth of soil protozoan population. Effects were concentration dependent and statistically significant. This project indicates that the new expanding field of rhizospheric studies has potential for regulating acceptable levels of herbicides in ground water run off.

Bioremediation of Oil Spill Sites Using Petrophiles

Bioremediation has become a popular method of cleaning up oil spills. Petrophiles are oil-degrading microbes that are capable of cleaning up these sites. The research conducted was conducted to determine under what temperatures and locations one such organism, Pseudomonas, would be most effective. The Pseudomonas bacteria were inoculated for four days. Twelve petri dishes were filled with a thin layer of sand and dampened with distilled salt water. Twenty drops of refined oil were put on top to form a slick, simulating an offshore spill. Twelve jars with covers were filled with water and a slick was formed in the same manner to simulate an offshore oil spill. To all the petri dishes and jars, 0.5 mL of the Pseudomonas was added with a sterile pipette. Two mL of a nutrient fertilizer was sprinkled on each of the surfaces to serve as a food source for the organisms. Six jars and dishes were then put into an incubator at 25°C. The remaining six jars and dishes were put in a refrigerator at 10°C. For the next week, the cultures were observed. At the end of the experiment, the amount of oil remaining in each sample was measured. Preliminary data suggests that the Pseudomonas in the warmer temperatures is more effective at degrading the oil than those in cooler temperatures. Furthermore, the onshore oil spills will be more easily cleaned through the use of Pseudomonas than the offshore spills.

Evaluating Impacts of Local Population Growth in Somerset County

The purpose of this study was to determine if population growth has increased in the last 30 years and is impacting the increased amounts of impervious surface in Somerset County, New Jersey. The results of Hurricane Floyd and the Bridgewater Promenade Mall were targeted. Data was collected for the population of Somerset County, mall, and the effects of Hurricane Floyd. It was found that, while the population of Somerset County has decreased within the past 30 years (2.8% growth rate to a 1.4% growth rate), Somerset County is presently the fastest growing county in New Jersey. Thus, the hypothesis is true in that much of the state’s development is occurring in the county and the risk of runoff and flash flooding is increasing. When Hurricane Floyd hit the Bridgewater Promenade Mall in September of 1999, the maximum amount of runoff generated by the mall was 20,000,000 L/hr, but this runoff would have been greatly reduced if the Bridgewater Promenade Mall had not been built then.

Productivity of Aquaponic Systems

The purpose of our project is to determine the productivity of aquaponic systems with the addition of a 9 square foot refugium, a sand/plant bed intended to house aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Our set up includes a large 500 gallon tank to house 30 fish, various planting trays, and a refugium. After months of research, our data concludes that the bacteria attained from the refugium has a positive impact on the system by increasing system health generally, and specifically increasing plant and fish growth. We have compared the data we collected in this setup with our control of a strictly aquaponic system. We have found the differences in the data to be statistically significant.

The Effect of Palladium Particles on Daphnia Magna

The subject of this experiment is to determine whether or not palladium is absorbed by organisms at the bottom of the food chain. If palladium is absorbed at the bottom of the food chain it can increase through bioaccumulation to very toxic levels in higher organisms. This experiment will determine if algae will readily absorb the toxic metal Palladium. This will be determined by placing algae in a container with exactly 1/1000 of a gram of palladium. After one week, the algae will be siphoned off with a pipette, and the amount of palladium will be remeasured. If this amount of palladium is lower than the amount of palladium originally placed into the container, it is assumed that the algae have absorbed the palladium, because the algae produce no chemical reaction involving the palladium, and the palladium will not react with water.

Concentration Mediated Effects of Ibuprofen on Rotifer Populations

Ibuprofen is a common component of over the counter medicines that may be getting into ground water through trash deposits. Its effects on rotifer populations, a common component of zooplankton, were examined. With an increase in concentration, there was a decrease in the live to dead ratio. The live rotifers were further examined to determine their ciliary beat, motility, and rate of digestion. Behavioral changes were first witnessed in a 0.002 M concentration. Widespread death ensued in concentrations of 0.005 M and above. When the rotifers were exposed to harsh condition, many of them were able to form cysts. These cysts could be revived if conditions were improved. Some rotifers were not able to form cysts and died right away due to the effects of ibuprofen.

The Effects of Salt and Sand on Icy Road Surfaces

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the best mixture of road salt and sand, for use on icy road surfaces, that would provide the greatest melting and traction qualities. Twelve mixtures, each varying by a 10% concentration of salt and sand, were applied to sheets of ice, and a series of tests were performed to determine the coefficient of friction and the ratio of ice melted to the amount of salt in each mixture. Traction qualities (presented by the sand) were in no specific pattern, while melting qualities increased as the percentage of salt increased. It was found that a mixture with a 9:1 ratio of salt to sand provides the best melting and traction qualities.

Effect of Temperature on the Optimal Growth and Density of Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, and Bacillariophyta

Algae's significance as a major indicator of global climate was examined in this experiment by testing three different algal species (Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, and Bacillariophyta). It was earlier proven that increasing temperatures yield greater algal concentration and growth. Higher temperatures could also have adverse effects. This previous examination was applied to this study on other species of algae under five different temperatures (18, 22, 26, 30, and 34 degrees Celsius). Research conducted had larger implications to be related to recent global climatic changes, such as global warming. To determine density or concentration of the particular algae culture, the spectrophotometer was used. This scientific instrument was primarily used to calculate transmission of the light spectrum through the algal solution in quantitative data. Preliminary data suggests that algal growth increases with temperature, yielding lower transmissions percentages using the spectrophotometer. To relate this quantitative data within the three algal groups, the T-test method of statistical analysis was utilized. With further investigation, a more definitive conclusion can be made.

Diatoms as Bioindicators of Pollution in the Delaware River

The purpose of this project was to compare the accuracy of the Mass Index, which uses the number of diatoms in a sample to determine water quality, to that of the Generic Index, which utilizes diatom genera ratios to predict health of an aquatic ecosystem. Three sites along the Delaware River were chosen, each with a differing WQI. Samples were obtained from each site, filtered, spun down in a centrifuge, stained, and viewed under a microscope. The samples were then assessed using both the Mass Index and the Generic Index. Analysis of the reults showed that the MI did not correlate well with either the GI or the WQI. However, the potential of a suborder-based GI is being explored.

Quantitative Difference of Levels of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

In our environment, there is an increasing amount of carbon dioxide entering our atmosphere. It is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels, wood, or wood products are burned. This phenomenon is responsible for the greenhouse effect. For our project, we detected the amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air in various locations in Woodbridge Township. We monitored several different locations in Woodbridge Township: a park area, indusdtrial sites, areas near highways, our school zone (in classroom and outisde), and residential reas. Using a carbon dioxide and oxygen detector, we monitored the amount of each gas for each area. We hoped to show that carbon dioxide levels are affected by the amount of plant life in a specific location. Plants in photosynthesis take carbon dioxide in and release oxygen. These results would encourage corporate planting in industrial sites.

The Effect of Silver Ioidide on Ice Nucleating Protein

Cloud seeding is the deliberate treatment of clouds with the intent of affecting the precipitation within them. In order for water to freeze and create snow, energy must be removed from the water. Silver iodide is an inorganic substance that serves as a nucleus for ice formation. Ice nucleating protein, an organic protein used as a snow inducer. In this experiment, the effect of silver iodide on ice nucleating protein's ability to freeze water was examined. The experiment contained four groups, each containing three sub-groups A-C: the control group, INP group, AgI group, and INP + AgI group. Each group of microplates was frozen seperately. The microplates were put into a freezer and the time the water took to go from water to ice was recorded. The control group took the longest to freeze with an average time of 28 min 54 sec. The AgI group averaged 20 min 10 sec, the INP group 16 min 47 sec, and the AgI + INP group froze at an average of 13 min 24 sec. The results support my hypothesis that the presence of Ice Nucleating Protein and Silver Iodide synergize and decrease the time it takes water to freeze.

Applying the Theory of Island Biogeography to Microhabitats

The theory of island biogeography predicts that the number of species inhabiting islands is correlated with the geographic area of the island. In this study, the ability of the theory of island biogeography to predict the species/area curve form microhabitat "islands" was tested. Sphagnaceous hummocks in the New Jersey Pine Barrens were surveyed for the number of vascular plant species as was their surface area, height, and distance to the mainland. These data were compared with regression analysis and the results showed a promising correlation between those parameters predicted by the classical theory of island biogeography.

The Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Plants Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen fixation is a plant’s ability to take N2 and turn it into usable nitrogen (NH3). A specific type of nitrogen fixation is through a symbiotic relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria and legumes present on the roots of nitrogen fixing plants. Nitrogen fixation is a plant process that is fundamental to the survival of all living things. In the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the N2-fixing system, the process of N2 fixation is strongly related to the physiological state of the host plant and the state of the plants in its environment. The height is directly related to the amount of nitrogen produced. Because of this, nitrogen fixation can be affected by outside factors such as acid rain. This research focused on the acid rain’s effect on the plants as well as the dependent surrounding environment. The plants were exposed to various simulated rain conditions and height, and overall health of plants were noted. Preliminary results show that the simulated acid rain has a negative affect on the nitrogen fixing plants and their environment. The plants exposed to more acidic conditions will have lesser heights as well as will have produced lesser nitrogen. Although this research focuses specifically on acid rain, there are many other ever-present factors of the environment that could possibly have an effect on the nitrogen fixing system. These possibilities are yet to be explored.

Effects of Pollutants on Brine Shrimp

The effects of fertilizers and soil additives on Artemia salina (brine shrimp) and Calendula spp. (marigold) seeds were studied in order to determine which substances adversely affected the shrimp, and which substances affected them as little as possible while still promoting plant growth. The prediction was that the soil additives with the most natural elements would have the least adverse effects on the shrimp. Pots with Calendula spp. planted in potting soil were set up above tanks containing Artemia salina. Different types of soil additives were mixed into the dirt of these pots, and the run-off after watering entered the tanks. Then, the Artemia salina and Calendula spp were monitored for their reactions to the additives. The data showed that the control tank contained an average of 17.67 Artemia salina, and the tank beneath a control pot contained and average of 22 Artemia salina. All other tanks contained less. The tank with the closest average to the controls was the one with run-off containing Vigoro Blood Meal, with 16.33. The Artemia salina contaminated with Miracle-Gro Quick-Start Plant Food and Miracle-Gro All-Purpose Plant Food were the most negatively impacted. Overall, the most artificial fertilizers had the most adverse effects on the Artemia salina, without even aiding the plant growth significantly. The most natural fertilizers affected the Artemia salina the least, but did not significantly aid plant growth either. The additives that most positively affected plant growth had a moderately negative effect on the Artemia salina.

MDH and G3PDH Gene Plasticity in Maple

In order to cope with environmental stressors, some plants change their structure just as an animal might change its behavior. One type of structural flexibility is genetic plasticity, the ability of an organism to alter its own genotypic expression. This study was designed to test the genetic plasticity of Acer saccharum trees with respect to the genes responsible for two enzymatic proteins, MDH and G3PDH, using starch gel electrophoresis. Samples of proteins from these trees from a flood year and a drought year were analyzed. The banding distances traveled in these gels were compared to Rm values given by a control dye and distinct separate banding patterns, showing heterozygous content, were recorded. A few samples showed variation in their protein content from one year to the other, changing from homozygous to heterozygous or vice-versa. This is evidence for the capability for genetic plasticity in Acer saccharum.

Titanium Dioxide Assisted Photocatalytic Destruction of Azo Dyes

This project models an organic purification system to remove azo dyes from the eco system that are disposed by the textile industry. A photocatalytic reactor was designed to determine the effects of titanium dioxide and/or ultra-violet radiation in the purification of azo dye polluted water. The decolorization of the polluted water was found to be dependant on the source of titanium dioxide used. Possible explanations for this behavior are discussed. Experimentation showed that the destruction of the Congo Red dye required both the ultra-violet radiation and the titanium dioxide. A UV/VIS Spectrometer was used to determine the absorbance of the contaminated water. The chemical process of photocatalytic oxidation is explained. Other experiments showed that the toxicity to E. coli in the water purified by the photocatalytic reactor decreased. Kinetic experiments showed that an increase in the amount of titanium dioxide increases the rate of purification and also that the rate of deoxidation reaches a saturation point. The semiconductor titanium dioxide shows potential to be used in public water purification systems. Possible ventures are discussed. Mathematic relationships such as ln(absorbance) v. 1/time and ln(absorbance/initial absorbance) v. time were hypothesized, but results were inconclusive. A liner relationship was seen with time v. absorbance, but not with absorbance v. time.

The Effects of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment on Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

Oceanic phytoplankton is the largest consumer of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the terrestial biome. Currently, 60 gigatons of carbon dioxide are released annually. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is expected to increase from 369 ppm in the year 2000 to 450-600 ppm in the year 2050. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, and its increase will lead to an increase in temperature of 2\(de per century. I have tested the effects of $roman CO sub 2$ enrichment on Chlamdymonas reidhertti by comparing samples grown under elevated carbon dioxide concentration (3%) to those grown under ambient concentration. Measurements of cell growth, photo pigment concentration, phtoosynthetic rate, and metabolic rate were performed. Measurements show that samples grown under elevated carbon dioxide concentration had higher photosynthetic rates when compared to those grown under ambient conditions.

MICROBIOLOGY

Antimicrobial Resistance: Rising From the Ashes

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a problem which has recently become more prevalent. The purpose of this experiment is to discover the most common mechanism by which wildtype e.Coli mutate into an antibiotic resistant strain when treated with a popular commercial hand sanitizer. Cultures of E. coli grown on nutrient agar were exposed to paper discs soaked in 1:100 and 1:1000 dilutions of Purell hand sanitizer. Gradual exposure over time to the hand sanitizer allowed the bacteria to develop a tolerance to the active ingredient, ethyl alcohol. Each week, the bacterial colonies that survived exposure to Purell were selected and streaked on sterile nutrient agar plates. After three weeks of exposure, surviving colonies were treated with the DNA of Staphylococcus epidermis, and then streaked on sterile nutrient agar plates in which BBL antibiotic discs of penicillin were added to ensure the elimination of all S.epidermis bacteria. After 24 hours, E. coli colonies were streaked onto sterile nutrient agar plates in which BBL discs of the antibiotic ampicillin was added. Results thus far indicate that prolonged exposure to ethyl alcohol does enable the mutated E. coli strain to survive exposure to ampicillin, an antibiotic that wildtype E. coli are sensitive to.

Investigating Antibiotic Properties of Frankincense on Various Species of Bacterium

Frankincense, an extract of the Botswellia tree, has been used as a traditional Egyptian folk remedy since ancient times. Two different species of bacteria were exposed to frankincense via inoculated disks placed on the agar of petri dish cultures and no zones of inhibition were seen. In turbidity studies using a spectrophotometer, it was seen that during the log phase of growth of the bacteria E. coli that samples treated with frankincense showed a slower growth curve than untreated control samples. This indicates a possible antibiotic property of frankincense.

The Quantity of Bacterial Contamination in Bottled Water

There have been recent accusations that the state and federal regulations do not ensure the purity of bottled water. Studies done have found species of bacteria that may cause disease or pose a threat to those who are ill, especially if bottled water is consumed in an average of six to eight glasses a day. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that there is a presence of bacteria in a minority of bottled waters sporadically and that bottled water is not safer to drink than tap water. The bottled waters with bacteria must not have been thoroughly disinfected or were storaged in conditions that promoting bacterial growth. Several brands of bottled water, tap water, and sterile water were tested by streaking 0.5mL of each brand or each type of water onto Tryptic Soy Agar or Luria Nutrient Agar plates and bacteria counts were taken within four days. The result was that two brands of bottled water had significant bacterial counts not the tap water. According to the F value for the Anova test and the T test, I failed to reject the null hypothesis, that the presence of bacteria is equal in bottled water brands and that there are no differences between bottled waters and tap water. Yet according to the Chi Square Test, I may reject the null hypothesis. The reason for the contrasting results in the Statistical Analysis was because the presence of bacteria in bottled water is inconsistent. The research hypothesis was therefore supported.

The Effects of Nigella sativa (Blackseed) on Different Species of Bacteria

Black seed is a traditional remedy used from ancient to modern times to treat a variety of conditions. Growth inhibition studies were undertaken and although no positive results were seen in petri dish cultures, it was noted that the black seed facilitated the growth of an unknown bacteria that showed antibiotic properties to be studied at a later date. Spectrophotometric studies of the bacterial growth inhibition of blackseed showed a possible antibiotic effect.

Virus Detection and Decontamination

This project focuses on the major methods of virus detection and decontamination. The study involves research on the prominent characteristics, symptoms and frequently used techniques for virus detection including: Immunofluorescence, Enzyme Immunoassay, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Cell Culture and Radioimmunoassay. A laboratory experiment on the Enzyme Immunoassy Membrane Test for detection of Influenza A or B antigens was conducted and documented. The results show that a portable test kit can be an effective instrument for rapid virus detection. Based on this observation, a design for a multi-virus detection test kit was developed, which would be effective in limiting the impacts of bioterrorism.

The Antimicrobial Effects of Lomatium Root and Carrot Extract

As the years go by, more and more types of bacteria have increasingly been growing resistant to traditional antibiotics and prescription remedies. In the process, many fail to recognize the beneficial properties of herbal antibiotics. One herb, in particular, has not received the recognition that is due to it: lomatium root. In numerous studies, this unfamiliar herb has shown that is has comparable effects to such well-known antibiotics as ampicillin. This experiment will compare lomatium root to another herb, carrot extract, which the lomatium is related to. Through serial dilutions and plating certain cultures of bacteria, the two herbs will be evaluated based on the number of colonies left on each plate after they are treated with lomatium root and carrot extract. The expected results are that the two will share similar properties and effectively combat bacterial growth.

MATHEMATICS and COMPUTERS

Physics Animator

This project in its present form is the result of a physics program written in java representing the attributes of projectile motion graphically. Java, as the current most flexible language would be ideal since it is Internet based and can run on all platforms: many people would be able to run this program. Physics and java were essential to this program in order to have it working. As for physics, the very principles of a standard projectile motion problem were needed, assuming that the actions took place in a vacuumed environment and since the techniques were the same, the principles could be universally used throughout the program. Although the calculations are fairly correct, slight program bugs do exist.

Monopoly: Strategies to Win

The purpose of this research was to determine how a player’s spending habits affect a game of monopoly. It was hypothesized that the “penny-wise” player would win more often than the “spender.” Fifty games of Monopoly were played on a game simulator with four players of varying strategies: Greedy Granny, Connie Cashola, and Hot Shot and the researcher. The number of wins for each was close, leading to the assumption that a player’s aggressiveness had no impact on wins or losses since there was no significant difference statistically (F=0.7048, P<0.05). It was found that Monopoly is really a game of chance.

Computer Input for the Physically Challenged

The goal of my project is the design of a device that gives the physically challenged control over a computer. Computer use grants innumerable opportunities to people with physical disabilities. On standard keyboards, even the "hunt-and-peck" method requires movement of the arm and wrist; the same thing holds for mice. My goal is to build an input device to control any computer using a minimal physical range of motion. The device consists of a slider and one or two buttons, requiring only two fingers to send both mouse and keyboard input. Depending on the mode of the device, the button will either send keyboard characters or mouse position information to the computer. In mouse input mode, the slider will move the mouse cursor in a single dimension, either X or Y. Although it is more time consuming than a regular keyboard and mouse, the device is intended for individuals with limited manual dexterity, who would otherwise be unable to use computers.

Perfect Musical Harmony: A Mathematical Analysis of Four Historical Tunings

In Western music, musical intervals whose frequency ratios are composed of small integers are considered the most pleasing or consonant. Perfect Harmony has been defined as the division of an octave into a 12-note scale so that each note can be used as the root (or bottom) note of six other consonant intervals. The purpose of this study was to determine which of four historical tunings, or definitions of a 12-note scale, provides the best approximation to Perfect Harmony, which has no exact solution. The study was performed by analyzing a population of 72 musical intervals for each of the four tunings (5-Limit Just Intonation, Quarter Comma Meantone Temperament, Well Temperament (Werckmeister III), and Equal Temperament) compared to Perfect Harmony. My hypothesis was that Equal Temperament is as good as or better than the other tunings in approximating Perfect Harmony, not just a method used for the convenience of instrument makers as critics have suggested. The variables I analyzed were the deviations and absolute deviations of each tuning from Perfect Harmony. Based on 10 population parameters and 6 distance measures, Equal Temperament was as good as or better than the other tunings for 7 of the 10 parameters and all 6 distance measures. The analysis showed that all four tunings have a zero mean deviation from Perfect Harmony, an unexpected result. This led to my proving mathematically that any tuning will have a zero mean deviation from Perfect Harmony. I also proved that any tuning has mean values for every musical interval that exactly equal the values for Equal Temperament. In a sense, Equal Temperament plays the role of an average or “mean temperament” compared to other tunings. Overall, the analysis showed that my hypothesis that Equal Temperament is as good as or better than the other tunings in approximating Perfect Harmony is valid.

Sundials: The Utilization of Geometry to Track Time

The purpose of this research was to examine different types of sundials and to compare their accuracy to each other and to clock time measured by the Naval Observatory’s atomic clock. Three sundials were constructed from wood and one metal sundial was bought. The results indicate that the equatorial sundial (a homemade sundial) was the most accurate and useful because of the length of time it could be read during the day. It was found that the sundials differed in their accuracy and usefulness because of their different geometric configuration

Bus Alert, Notification, and Detection System (BANDS)

The goal of this project was to create a system which would quickly and easily allow access to common appliances such as lights, TVs, fans, and other things. The result was a computer program which, using a microphone and speech recognition software, sends a signal to a small control computer which would turn power outlets on and off. The computers are linked via network cable. If necessary, a wireless network may be used, but this has not been verified. The control computer in our case is a 233 MHz Pentium Pro with 800 MB of memory, running Linux and an Apache web server. The control software can run on any computer, but in our experience faster computers recognize words more accurately and more quickly. The variable sensitive allows the recognition of words across a large room. The controllable devices can be anything that uses a standard 120V power outlet. The speech recognition software uses Microsoft Speech SDK, which is speaker-adaptable. This means that with continued use, it will be able to understand the person commanding it more clearly.

Changing Prices and the Hardware Market

This project uses simple calculus to analyze the trends in hardware prices in the computer market. The purpose of the observation is to find a relation between changes in prices and new technology that is introduced, which will then be connected with the amount of affect that has on the technological job market. First, the prices were taken from various sites and newspaper ads and recorded onto a comprehensive spreadsheet. The dates of actual recordings range from October 2002 to March 2003, whereas the others are projects into the past and future. Then, two dates were chosen for each product and k, the constant of proportionality, was found. The equations were formed through logistic fit, and graphed to show projects through time. Because the derivative of a logistic growth model is proportional both to the price and the difference between a fixed constant, it is perfect in a situation where two bounds are required. This project was an individual project that required simple calculus, an internet connection, a few hardware sources, and a spreadsheet program. The results concluded that there was a relationship between the transient prices and the fast-paced technological world, but they move at the same rate and self-training is a given when it comes to new hardware. The only factor that seemed to vary was the prices, so the only real find was that depreciation has a large affect on hardware companies and small businesses.

Computerized Flight Simulator in C++

The goal of this project is to create a computer program using the C++ programming language that will simulate the flight of an actual airplane. In creating this project, a mathematical model was first produced utilizing general physics concepts. In applying the physics to the program, a "Plane" class was introduced to carry all of the information about the plane. The plane simulated by this program is the Boeing 747-400 with the Rolls-Royce RB211-524H2-T Engine. The DirectX library of functions was used to calculate and display the graphics. This project ultimately ends up as an extremely helpful tool in studying and testing smaller aspects of the plane. In particular, to test the accuracy of the simulator, the published runway length requirement for the Boeing 747-400 was compared to the length required by the simulated airplane to take off. However, the program was designed in such a way that different planes could be simulated if the proper statistics were given for each one. Likewise, certain environmental factors could be changed to affect the plane's behavior. Nearly every aspect of the plane is kept track of by the program, though much of it is not displayed. Thus, the program can be easily tweaked to have many uses in testing the flight of certain planes.

MEDICINE and HEALTH

Evaluation of Alternate Measurements Used To Determine Dental Measurement Patterns Between Ethnic Groups

An evaluation of alternative measurements used to determine dental measurement patterns between ethnic groups was conducted. This research addressed three topics including a determination of the prevalence of measurement patterns in bite marks of various ethnicities, an evaluation of alternative bite mark measurements used by some researchers to determine patterns between ethnic groups, and a comparison of the accuracy of alternative bite mark measurements with that of the conventional measurements used by most odontologists. Bite mark samples were obtained from ninety subjects; thirty each of Euro-Americans, Afro-Americans, and Asian Indians with reference to seven measurements: palate width at first incisor, palate width at canine, palate width at second premolar, palate width at second molar, right central incisor to canine, right central incisor to second premolar, and right central incisor to second molar. It was found that there were no significant measurement patterns in the bite marks obtained from the same ethnic background. Consequently, it was also concluded that there was no significance between the patterns shown in one ethnicity as compared to the patterns shown in another.

Soft Tissue Testing: Effects of an Alkaline Process for Viral and Microbial Reduction on the Biomechanical Properties of Anterior Tibialis Tendons

Summary: Adequate processing of tendon allograft tissue, which leaves the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the allograft unaltered after sterilization, is essential in ensuring the elimination of potent microorganisms that could be transmitted to recipients during reconstruction procedures. This study explored the effects of a sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate buffer soak of pH 10.1, a USP Purified water rinse, and a PBS buffer soak, in an ultrasonic bath at 34 ¡¾ 1¨¬C, on the tensile attributes of anterior tibialis tendons in order to test phase 1 of a soft tissue cleaning cycle by comparing the treated tendons to their pairs, the controls. After preconditioning, a ramp-and-hold stress relaxation test and a load to failure test were performed in order to assess the viscoelastic and material properties. The resulting reduced relaxation functions were fit by graphical approach employing a quasi-linear viscoelastic representation, and were all highly linear with natural log of time between 1 and 90s. Results: No significant difference was found between the slopes (p = 0.736489), the fast time constant ¥ó1 (p = 0.143998), the slow time constant ¥ó2 (p = 0.27759), and the log decay parameter, C (p = 0.803198), at a 95% confidence level. The differences in the ultimate stress were also insignificant (p = 0.5243).Conclusions: These results indicate that the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties were not affected by the alkaline treatment, and will provide a baseline for extension to later phases of the soft tissue process.

To Cup or Sippy-cup? How Cup Types Affect Childrens Health

This study showed how the different types of drinking utensils used by 69 children, agents 24-47 months, affected their growth. Through a single-blind survey, data were collected about each subject's eating habits, fluid intake, and volume of nutrients. After all surveys were collected, growth information was added to each subject's file through medical records. When all of the collected data was analyzed, the results found were inconclusive. I would suttest further study with a modified survey.

The Effects of Chlorine Water on Human Hair

The purpose of this research was to determine if chlorine in pool water damaged the structure of human hair and the effects on various types of hair. Seven samples were soaked in chlorine water for 1-4 hours. The chlorine water adhered to the hair shaft of each sample, changing the light index of the hair, not the structure. It was found that the dark brown hair with color rinse was affected by chlorine water more than the other hair samples.

The Effect of Weather on the Occurence of Stroke Deaths

Several factors, such as, heart disease or high blood pressure, can increase a person’s chance of dying from a stroke. However, one factor that may be linked with stroke deaths and that is not widely known is weather and climate. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to determine the correlation between weather and stroke mortality rates and the correlation between weather, gender, and stroke mortality rates. A Pearson correlation was used to determine the two relationships. First, monthly weather data (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, barometric pressure), for the period of 1996 to 1999, for some of the twenty-one counties in New Jersey were compared to monthly stroke mortality rates of each of those counties. Next, to determine the correlation between weather, gender, and stroke mortality rates, the mortality rates were broken down by gender. The monthly weather data was then compared, by way a Pearson correlation, to the number of stroke deaths in women for each of the counties. Then, the weather data was compared to the number of stroke deaths in men. Preliminary results show that there is some correlation between weather and the occurrence of stroke deaths. Future research will positively determine the correlation between weather and this silent killer.

Quantitive Analysis of the Concentration of Flavonoids in Citrus Fruits

ABSTRACT Flavonoids are chemical compounds found in the skin and seeds of certain citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, etc).These flavonoids compounds have diverse benefits to the human health highly due to the flavonoid’s antioxidant activities. Flavonoids are known to help reducing or limiting the possible development of certain cancers, such as the liver, skin, breast, lung,etc. Cancers are found as abnormalities in the cell cycle, in which the cell does not stop reproducing. For breast cancer 70% of the case occur in those who shown no cancer risk; 25% of the cases(35 year or younger) possess either BRCA1 or BRCA2, and 5% carry either gene. Flavonoids also shown activities of being antiviral, anti-allergic, andtiplatelet, andti-inflammatory, and antitumor.The purpose of this investigation is to extract flavonoids from three types of citrus fruits, oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines. Using a spectrophotometer at 324 nanometers, we will measure the absorption amount of flavonoids in each fruit. Then construct a a graph with a standard curve to discover the concentration amount within each.

PHYSICS

The Chemcal Vapor Deposition Growth and Charecterization of Organic Crystals

Organic crystals anthracene were synthesized via a sublimation/deposition process in a quartz tube chemical vapor deposition chamber with argon as a carrier gas. These crystals were further developed into field -effect transistors by the deposition of electrodes in a thermal evaporation chamber. A dielectric layer was also deposited in the same chamber. The characterization of the final crystal structure was carried out with an atomic force microscope. Although the transistor was shown to be effective, measuring its properties when a dielectric layer was deposited produced results inconsistent with a useful transistor design. Further studies of the interference of the dielectric layer are under way.

The Physics of a Tennis Ball

A tennis ball in motion is affected by many physical principles that alter the ball's trajectory, speed, distance, and contact time. However, a tennis ball's path is mostly affected by the spin applied to the ball. There are three types of spin: topspin, underspin, and sidespin, each having its own effect on the ball. Nevertheless, a top spun ball reacts very differently from others.The researchers believe that a top spun ball hit with more speed loses more energy to the ground. Tennis balls were fired using a ball machine.It was set to fire at different speeds on different sets of trials. The machine was also used to fire balls with topspin. Speed,height, and distance were measured. T-test analysis was done. Preliminary results indicate that there was no significant difference in height on top spun balls.

The Laser: Light, Optics, and Water Purity

The purpose of my research was to understand the laser concept, to find out the effects of optical devices on light based on the Wave Theory of Light, and to apply the ability to manipulate the laser’s beam to a practical application. This project has three major parts. In the first part, I researched the physics of the workings of the laser, the electrical setup of the laser, and the design of an optical bench that could accommodate many laser experiments. The second part is an exploration of the properties of the Wave Theory of Light and a demonstration of what light can do. I demonstrated the reflection, refract, interference, and diffraction of the laser beam using different optical apparatuses. In my diffraction experiment, the beam passed through a small slit (narrower than the diameter of the beam) and was broken into tiny wavelets, represented by alternating bands of light and dark. These tiny wavelets were only a fraction of the intensity of the non-diffracted beam. This part caused me to go a step further and apply the principles I learned to a practical use of the laser, which I had not originally intended to include in my research. I hypothesized that the laser could be used to test water purity when small particles in water diffract the beam as it passed through the water, making it less intense. Using flour as my control pollution, I set up a scale upon which the water samples can be measured, by using .25 mL, .5 mL, .75 mL, and 1 mL of flour in each sample. This correctly proved my hypothesis, for the light intensity meter showed increasingly lower readings of the beams intensity as more flour was used. I then tested the water samples I obtained from local streams, tap water, and water purified using a commercial water purification system in the same manner as the control setup.

An Investigation of Chaos Theory Using Variations in Time and Flow Rate

The purpose of this research was to determine if a pattern for a dripping faucet could be determined. A simple apparatus was built to let water drip into a graduated cylinder at five different regulated flow rates. The results showed that the regulated flows did not follow the expect pattern and that if a small lapse in time occurred the flow rate gradually grew in its difference from the expected flow rate. It was found that a patter for water could not be determined.

Surface Effects on a Basketballs Bounce

The purpose of this research was to determine if the type of surface affects the bounce of a basketball. A basketball was dropped 25 consecutive times from a height of 7 ft (2.13 m) on four different surfaces, which were asphalt, concrete, wood, and rubber mats. Data was taken in three categories, and T-test results showed that there were significant differences in rebound height but not for rebound direction or rebound time. Therefore, it was found that the type of surface can affect the ball's rebound height, but the surface does not affect the ball's rebound direction or time.

ZOOLOGY

The Relationship between Leg and Hoof Conformation and Thrush

The purpose of this study was to determine if hoof and l