NJRSF Abstracts, 2006

BIOCHEMISTRY

BOTANY

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

COMPUTER SCIENCE

EARTH and SPACE SCIENCE

ENGINEERING

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

MATHEMATICS

MICROBIOLOGY

MEDICINE and HEALTH

PHYSICS

ZOOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY

Anti-cancer Effects of Flavonoids on Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Line: K-562

Flavonoids are found abundantly in soy products and are shown to exert different immunopharmacological properties in humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, as inhibitors of the cancer-promoting enzyme tyrosine kinase, two flavonoids, genistein and flavanone, are evaluated in antiproliferation and interleukin production on human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562. Evaluations are made under various concentrations of genistein and flavanone exposures through periods of 48, 72, and 96 hours. The performance of cell proliferation assay exhibits a hormetic curve that suggests inhibitory activities of genistein and flavanone at higher concentrations and stimulatory effects at lower concentrations. The levels of IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines, produced by K-562, are analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Both genistein and flavanone evoke apoptosis and interfere with the balance of IL-2 and IL-4 production in K-562. Results demonstrate genistein as a more effective flavonoid in its ability to inhibit the viability of K-562 cells via inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine IL-2/IL-4 shift. It is shown that a concentration of 10-4 M of genistein over a 48 hour time frame displays the most effective antiproliferation activities out of the rest of the samples. This study suggests the effects of genistein and flavanone in prevention of some tumors and inhibition of tumorigenesis as potential chemopreventitive agents.

Post Mortem Human Brain Changes Associated with Tissue pH and RNA Quality.

The New York Brain Bank at Columbia University obtains post mortem human brain tissue for experimental investigations. We evaluated 26 brains with Huntington Disease neuropathological diagnosis and 10 controls for RNA integrity. In all cases post mortem interval range (0:10min-17hrs:55min) and pH (6.09-7.00) were recorded. Total RNA was extracted, quantified, and evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. We concluded that intact RNA can be obtained from post mortem human brain tissue even in patients with delayed post mortem interval. This research indicates that the post mortem interval does not determine the RNA quality therefore the quality of the tissue.

Protein, Lipid, and Carbohydrate Degradation in Human Pancreatic Enzyme Solution in vitro

This experiment used human pancreatic enzymes to determine the degradation rates of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Samples of chicken breast, bacon fat, and carboxymethyl-cellulose, which were general sources of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates respectively, were added to a pancreatic enzyme solution, and the concentrations of digested protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were measured by assays every twenty minutes for three hours. Exponential rates of degradation were determined for each substrate by using comparisons with generated standard curves, and an equation was formulated that was based on the rate-limiting step. This analysis led to the identification of a process for determining the approximate amount of time required to digest food prior to athletic activity. The equation, wile validated by the experiment, can only be considered for food digestion up to 3 hours because the data show that the degradation rates may change after 3 hours.

DNA Extraction Protocol for Wheat Germ

Today, biotechnology is a prominent aspect of research and development. Scientists utilize genetics for various reasons, ranging from medical to agricultural purposes. To increase efficiency, all protocols for utilizing DNA must be optimally effective. One of the most basic and primary steps in employing DNA is to extract it. However, finding the quickest and largest yielding procedure needs to be improved. Thus, I propose to conduct a series of experiments in which I will extract DNA from wheat germ, a known source with a plethora of DNA, in order to find the most efficient protocol. By designing a better DNA collecting tool and varying the temperature of the ethanol, detergent, and salt-detergent solutions, I am confident that finding the best protocol will be achieved.

The Effects of Bisphenol A and Estradiol on Mouse Fibroblast Cells in Vitro and Peripheral Blood Cultures

Seo, Young IL Biochemistry. THE EFFECTS OF BISPHENOL A AND 17 B ESTRADIOL ON MOUSE FIBROBLAST CELLS IN VITRO, Academy for the Advancement of Science and Technology (Teacher: Donna Leonardi) The purpose of this project was to test the effect of the two estrogenic chemicals Bisphenol A and 17 B Estradiol on Mouse Fibroblast Cells in Vitro. Multiple tests accounted for secondary exposure of the other chemical to the primary exposure of one of these chemicals. The tests looked specifically at the change in mitotic rate in these cells. The fibroblast cells were cultured using a culture flask, and either estradiol or Bisphenol A in a solution of DMSO was added at the second and fifth day. The cells were cultured for a total of eight days in an incubator. Cell proliferation was measured using a hemocytometer and an ELISA machine using CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Reagent Cell Proliferation kit.

Quantifying the Cryopreservation of Beta Vulgaris Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide(DMSO)

It is known that Dimethyl Sulfoxide is sometimes used in the cryopreservation of tissues. The study of the cryopreservation of Beta Vulgaris was tested using Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Store bought Beta Vulgaris (beets) were used chosen to represent human tissue. The Beta vulgaris was cut into cylinders with a 1 inch diameter then soaked in a DMSO solution, as opposed to the control set which were soaked in a distilled water solution, then placed in the freezer. After being frozen the leakage of betacyanin was calculated using a spectrophotometer. It was found that when soaked in DMSO before freezing there was more light transmittance, then when soaked in water then frozen.

The Bioinformatics Approach on Actin Nucleation

Actin nucleation is a process that is vital to the life of Caenorhabditis elegans and virtually all forms of eukaryotic life. The regulation of actin nucleation is essential for many cellular processes including cell locomotion, axonal motion, as well as developmental morphology. The primary proteins responsible for C. elegans actin nucleation include the GEX family of proteins. Gex stands for “gut-on-the-exterior,” since GEX mutations cause C. elegans embryos to not undergo morphogenesis properly, resulting with gut cells on the outside of the embryo. By comparing the sequences of amino and nucleic acids of specific proteins in C. elegans and other organisms, it is possible to construct a phylogenetic tree, detailing the evolution of the genes involved in actin nucleation. Through a bioinformatics approach, it is possible to investigate far beyond traditional methods, providing a means to define relationships between organisms. With comparative genomics, it is possible to elucidate remarkable characteristics of this system, highlighting the similarities of actin nucleation processes throughout a variety of organisms.

The Effect of Curcumin on Copper Based Plaque

Alzheimer’s disease, a debilitating sickness, is rapidly rising in numbers all over the world. However, there is no direct way to pinpoint the origin of this disease because it has various causes. Studies confirm that one of the causes for Alzheimer’s disease is the plaque build up. One of the causes for this plaque build up is metal such as copper in the brain. The copper, which can be transmitted to the body simply by drinking water from metal pipes, cause the copper in the brain to become aggregated, which in turn cause it to bind together, constructing a plaque. It has also been verified, through research, that anti-oxidants have qualities that break bonds that proteins make. The anti-oxidant curcumin, the yellow pigment in making curry, has been known to have anti-oxidant properties. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the anti-oxidant properties of curcumin as they relate to dissolving plaque. Plaque molecules were formed which resulted in a precipitate. This was exposed to varied amounts of curcumin. Since curcumin can pass the blood brain barrier, this research supports the possibility of curcumin as a preventable measure against copper plaque in the brain. This research was proven significant with a critical T of 3.92 at a 99% significance level.

Intron conservation and divergence analysis using EST data in C. remanei

Comparison of cDNA sequences with genomic sequences allows us to predict intron locations. Using cDNA sequences from the C. remanei nematode, we have been able to determine the sequences, sizes, and relative locations of a number of introns. After using homology to determine putative functions for the mRNA precursors of our cDNA in C. remanei, we were able to analyze intron conservation as compared to exon conservation across three worm species, C. remanei, C. elegans, and C. briggsae. This data allowed us to explore the patterns of divergent and convergent evolution on the genetic level.

Troponin C in Artemia francisana

The subject of this experiment was to identify and analyze unknown genes in Artemia franciscana by comparing them to known genes in other organisms. The purpose was to determine evolutionary relationships and increase basic biological knowledge. If DNA is extracted and sequenced, and the sequence is analyzed utilizing bioinformatics, then a gene could be identified. Genes are conserved through evolution and the genetic code is almost universal. Therefore, comparative genomic analysis has proven to be an extremely valuable tool for elucidating, evolutionary relationships, basic biological concepts, and gene regulation. Pieces of DNA from A. franciscana were purified and sequenced and sequences were analyzed utilizing bioinformatics. One A. Franciscana DNA sequence matched to the Troponin C protein. This gene sequence was highly conserved among invertebrates but not with higher eukaryotes. The result was surprising since Troponin C is a major muscle protein in higher eukaryotes. This suggests the DNA sequence coded for a region of the Troponin C protein not involved in its function and thus, not as highly conserved as other regions of the protein.

Evolution of asp-6 Aspartyl Protease in Nematodes

Asp-6 aspartyl protease genes lie in a cluster and are well conserved, making them ideal models for studying the evolution of gene clusters. The evolution of asp-6 paralogs (gene copies) in three species of roundworms—C.remanei,C.elegans, and C.briggsae—were modeled. By comparing C.remanei asp-6 cDNA clones with the C.remanei genomic DNA, four paralogs were identified: two on the plus strand and two on the minus strand, an organization similar to that of C.elegans and C.briggsae. By comparing the paralogs, it was determined that the original asp-6 gene inverted and that each of the resulting paralogs duplicated again. C.briggsae paralogs showed a similar inversion/duplication pattern as C.remanei paralogs. The C.briggsae paralogs were more similar to corresponding C.remanei paralogs than to each other, suggesting that the inversion/duplication events occurred prior to the divergence of the species. The C.elegans paralogs were more similar to each other than to the paralogs in the other species, suggesting that the C.elegans genes duplicated independently from the other two roundworms. Since C.elegans paralogs independently developed an organization pattern similar to the organization patterns in C.remanei and C.briggsae, the paralog organization may have some evolutionary advantage; for example, a single regulatory site between inverted regions may control the expression of all four paralogs.

Correlations Between Unique Gene Sequences and Phenotype in Artemia Franciscana.

Many organisms contain common DNA sequences. The goal was to find similar DNA sequences of Artimia Franciscana and other organisms. Online DNA sequences were observed and compared to find similarities. Although a solid conclusion has not been formed, ongoing examination of DNA sequences may provide evidence for DNA sequences of Artimia Franciscana common to other organisms.

A lin-53-like Gene in C. remanei

Finding sequence similarities in genes of different species serves to indicate the corresponding functions of their proteins. A gene resembling lin-53 in C.elegans was identified from sequencing a C.remanei cDNA library. lin-53 mutants in C.elegans can lead to deficiencies in embryogenesis, including the formation of multiple vulva. lin-53 carries multiple WD repeats. A similarity search found 73% identity with the human Retinoblastoma binding protein 4 (RBBP4), a protein implicated in tumorgenesis. We will speculate on the function of lin-53 in the genus Caenorhabditis and the manner in which it performs its tasks. Ultimately, this analysis may reveal the role of RBBP4 in causing cancer.

Pbx1 and Pbx2 affect Hox gene expression and chondrogenesis during limb development

The development of the vertebrate body is very complex. Limbs form during embryogenesis as buds of tissue from the body wall. Subsequently, the formation and patterning of different skeletal elements from this relatively unorganized tissue is under the influence of Homeobox (Hox) genes and proteins. Pbx proteins collaboratively bind DNA with a large subset of Hox proteins to help execute this patterning. To determine the roles of Pbx in limb patterning, we performed numerous in vivo studies (via skeletal preparation and in situ hybridization) on mouse embryos lacking Pbx1 and Pbx2. These mutants (i.e., Pbx1-/-; Pbx2+/-) possessed severe defects in their limbs. We observed that Hox gene expression was spatially deregulated in these mutants, indicating a possible genetic basis for the observed skeletal defects. To explore a possible underlying cellular basis for these skeletal defects, we performed in vitro experiments (via micromass) on cartilage cells from these mutants. Accordingly, we have been able to gain some understanding as to how alterations in patterning genes and signals may influence cellular differentiation and proliferation in the developing limbs. Perhaps one day we will be able to understand, completely, the underlying mechanisms influencing cartilage development. This understanding would allow us to develop ways of regulating the development of cartilage and even repair damaged cartilage in cases like arthritis.

BOTANY

The Effects of Resistance Stimuli in the Prevention of TMV

The focus of this experiment was to determine whether salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, or 30% hydrogen peroxide can increase resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in Arabidopsis thaliana. If seeds soaked in various concentrations of salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, or ascorbic acid are exposed as mature plants to TMV, then the plants with seeds soaked in salicylic acid or hydrogen peroxide should demonstrate increased resistant to TMV infection. Seeds were soaked in 12%, 36%, and 60% of each stimulus and inoculated with TMV at three weeks of growth. 984 seeds were planted. 51 seedlings germinated. Seeds soaked in 12% hydrogen peroxide showed no symptoms of TMV. Seeds soaked in 60% hydrogen peroxide exhibited symptoms of TMV after only 2 days. Seeds soaked in all concentrations of ascorbic acid showed no symptoms of TMV. Seeds soaked in 12% and 60% salicylic acid showed symptoms of TMV after 7 days. This data suggests that low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide may increase plant resistance to TMV, while high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or administration of salicylic acid decreases resistance to TMV. Data suggests that ascorbic acid may also increase plant resistance to TMV.

We dont need grass with weed!

We determined how effective an herbicide is on grass during different stages of growth. The herbicide we tested is Mesotrione, and the grass we used for the experiment was Annual Blue. Turfgrass management affects many homes and the entire outdoor sports industry. We treated the soil with Mesotrione before seeding the Annual Blue and after seeding, in different quantities (lb per acre). Our results show that the most effective application is 3 lbs of Mesotrione per acre, before seeding. The pots with the best results varied from 90%-100% effectiveness. The otheres ranged from 0%-60%, and 85% in isolated cases. We found that the least effective application was after seeding at 1/2 lb per acre.

Can Coffee or Egg Shells be a fertilizer?

In our experiment we had planted four differernt types of plants. Grass, mint, baysle, and lime plants. of these for plants we ran a test to see if coffee grinds or egg shells would act as a type of fertilizer on the plants. We tested the coffee grinds and egg shells against a name brand fertilizer(Miricalgrow). The name brand fertilizer acted as the control were as the coffee grinds and egg shells acted as the variables for the experinment. We the experiment for two weeks for each individual type of plant taking measurements every other day. We kept the plants under constant plant light and watered the plants everyday.

The Effects of Caffeine on the Growth of African Violets (Santipaulia ionatha)

The purpose of this research was to determine whether concentrations of caffeinated water had a positive effect on the growth of African violets. Five trays containing 24 propagules each were watered with their specific concentrations of the caffeinated water mixture (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). The fifth tray acted as the control and was watered with distilled water. After 42 days, all the propagules watered with the caffeinated water died. It was found that caffeinated water does not produce new growth in African violets in these concentrations.

The effect of various concentrations of calcium carbonate on Alternaria alternata

The purpose of the experiment was to observe the effect of calcium carbonate on Alternariaalternata, which is an allergenic fungus. An experiment was conducted early, which examined the sporulation of A.alternata affected by light exposure, temperature and calcium carbonate. The outcome suggested that the conidia production of A.alternata grown in half potato dextrose agar was affected by calcium carbonate, but not by various light conditions (Rhomela F. and et.al., 2000). To perform the experiment, 1mL of various concentrations of calcium carbonate was added to each group, except for the control. Group A, the control (5 agar plates) did not receive any calcium concentration (0 mL), group B with five agar plates received 5g/250mL of calcium concentration, and 2.5g/125mL of calcium concentration was added in Group C (5 agar plates). Group D (5 agar plates) acquired 1.25g/62.5mL of calcium concentration, while Group E (5 agar plates) obtained 0.625g/31.25mL of calcium concentration. Next, A.alternata was transferred from tubes into agar plates using sterilized inoculating loop and then it was diluted with 10 sup -2 concentration in potato dextrose agars, which was incubated at 28 sup o C for 48 hours. Preliminary data suggests that the control with zero mL of calcium carbonate will have the highest growth of A.alternata. However, agar plates containing 0.625g/31.25mL of calcium concentration (Group E) will decompose A.alternata faster than other concentrations. Hence, if preliminary data is accurate, then calcium carbonate can be used to prevent the enhancement of Alternariaalternata (fungus), which will avert the chances of allergenic and asthmatic diseases.

Can Classical Music Affect the Growth of Common Basil?

Many have observed that either talking to plants or playing them classical music can enhance their growth, but are there any affetcs on the natural predators of those plants? This experiment will try to answer the following question: can classical music deter pests? This experiment grew Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) stalks, in both musical and non-musical environments. Since gastropods are a common predator of the basil plant, cultured land snails (mesodon thyroidus) were administered to both environments. Provided with other food besides the basil, the experiment shows that the classical music had no effect on the snail consumption of the basil.

The Effects of Red, Blue, and White Light on Plant Growth

The growing of seedlings is instrumental in growing healthy and successful plants. Healthy seedlings make for a more successful transplatiing. This experiment uses different colors of the visible spectrum; red, blue, and white. It also uses Pole Beans of (Phaseolus vulgaris). The control for this particular experiemnt is ordinary white light. The independent variable is the red and blue lights. The growth being the dependent variable. The preliminary results show minimal difference between the growth of the plants plcaed under the red and blue lights. The white light shows a greater growth in comparison to the red and blue lights.

Effects of Injected Sucrose in Tomato Plants Root Growth

Glucose is noted as the energy molecules for all animals. It is the major source of ATP. Glucose is made by plants through the process of photosynthesis and transported in the form of sucrose. Sucrose can form polymers and add structure to plants. It is hypothesized that an increase in sucrose injected into plants will result in an increase in root growth. The experiment was separated into 3 groups. The plants injected with 150 mg/ml, plants injected with 300 mg/ml and plants were allowed to grow normally. Data was collected. A T test was applied. Preliminary data suggest that plants injected with 300 mg/ml sucrose had higher growth. This application may be useful in improving root growth in areas of heavy erosion.

The Effect of temperature on the Rate of Compost Decomposition and Subsequent Plant Growth

The purpose of this research was to determine if there was a specific point in time during the decomposition process of compost when optimal plant growth could be produced. The temperature of four compost piles was recorded over a period of 30 days versus that of the outside temperature, and then Tendergreen Improved and Kentucky Wonder beans were planted in each pre-peak, peak, and post-peak; Bean heights were recorded over a 40 day period. An unpaired t-test shows that the Kentucky Wonder beans (n=20) in the post-peak compost pile grew significantly better than the Tendergreen Improved beans (n=17) in the pre-peak compost pile. It was found that the optimal decomposition time compost that yields the most active plant growth is after the peak temperature has been achieved.

The Effect of Calcium on the Growth of Wisconsin Fast Plants

In this experiment, the effect of calcium on the growth of Wisconsin Fast Plants, commonly known as brassica rapa, was tested. This experiment involved two experimemtal groups and one control group. The experimental groups were given different levels of calcium. The control group received no calcium. The control and experimental groups were grown under the same conditions. The control and experimental groups were given 500 mL of water in each pot over a span of two days at a time. The plants were grown under lighted conditions and in a 75 degree atmosphere. All plants received the same amount of light. Preliminary data shows that the growth among the plants that received a higher level of calcium was greater than the groups that received little and no calcium. Statistical analyses will be applied using the F-Test and the T-Test to determine the validity of the experiment. According to preliminary results, a 95 percent confidence level will be met.

The Effects of Heat on Seed germination Times

The purpose of this research was to find the optimum heating time for several types of string bean seeds to determine if heating causes the seeds to germinate faster. Two types of string bean seeds (total n=60) were microwaved for 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 or 90 seconds, submerged in water for 12 hours and planted. Observations were made to determine which seeds germinated fastest. Those microwaved for ten seconds averaged a faster germination time than those not microwaved at all. It was found that microwaving a seed for ten seconds prior to planting increases the germination time.

Ability In Auxiliary Pigments in Filtering Ultraviolet Light in Acer rubrum

Ability In Auxiliary Pigments in Filtering Ultraviolet Light in Acer rubrum For many years, textbooks claimed that autumn colors were a side product of leaves when they were about to die. But in recent years, scientists have recognized that autumn colors probably play an important role in the life of many trees. Some Scientists say that autumn leaves tend to stop insects from feeding on the trees. Others say that leave colors that are produced in the fall may serve as a sunscreen that protects leaves before they die. Scientists do agree on one point : these colors have some purpose. Two different types of Acer rubrum were collected and tested in the ability of Auxiliary pigments such as anthocyanins in Acer rubrum in filtering out Ultraviolet light. This was done from a self constructed florometer. After the data was averaged, it showed that the red Acer rubrum had a higher number of MW/cm^2 of florescent light being lit up than its green counterpart. What this shows is that the data was insignificant and that since the leaf sunscreen theory didn’t seem to work , this basically states that the first theory which was the leaf signal theory might be a valid statement.

Effect of Micelles produced by Stearic Acid on Plant Growth

The purpose of this project was to produce micelles in water, give it to plants, and then compare its effect to a control with regular tap water. Research indicates that micelles will cause the tetrahedron formation of water molecules to break apart and reform into chain like structures. The newly reformed molecules would then increase the water’s bio-availability. This research examined the possibility of creating and applying micelles to growing plants. It was hypothesized that plants watered with micelles would show a greater growth than those watered with standard water. To produce micelles the fatty acid, stearic acid was used. It was first dissolved in ethanol and then this mixture of 50 ml was added to 3,150 ml of water. This new mixture was then administered to 6 experimental pots, each containing 4 seeds. The control group also had 6 pots with 4 seeds. These two groups were then compared for overall plant growth. Data was collected on plant height, number of leaves and plant weight. Statistical analysis was applied using a T-test. Preliminary data suggests that nutrient absorption, through water, is increased with the addition of micelles. This research could be important in the area of mineral water supply.

The Effects of Microcurrents on Healing Insect Damage on Plants

The purpose of this research was to determine if micro-currents affect the healing process in plants. Twenty-five corn and bean plants were injured by making holes in the leaves or partially or completely cutting off branches. The injured areas were then stimulated by micro-currents for specific amounts of time. The only plants that healed were the beans that had branches totally cut off. It was concluded that micro-currents can enhance healing in plants based on location and severity of the injury.

Effect of Plant Hormones on Leaf Cuttings of Rex Begonias

The term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein which means to grow. Compounds are generally considered auxins if they can be characterized by their ability to induce cell elongation in stems and otherwise resemble indoleacetic acid (the first auxin isolated) in physiological activity. Auxins usually affect other processes in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and thus "helps" define the hormone (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Leaf cuttings are prepared by taking a single leaf from the plant. This leaf must generate not only new roots, but new shoots as well. It was hypothesized that auxins applied to plant leaves that are capable of growing roots will result in an increase in root length and faster roots growth. Leaves of Rex begonias were placed on the soil. They were divided into two groups: soil with auxin Hormex and soil without auxin. They were allowed to grow for two weeks. Root length was measured and time of growth was recorded. Data was analyzed using a T – Test. Preliminary results indicated that root growth increased with the addition of auxins. The purpose of this project was to test if Hormex helped the growth of roots of leaf cuttings of Rex begonias.

Hydroponics Plant Food: Blue-Green Algae Gloeocapsa vs. Pure Blend Pure Grow™ Hydroponics Plant Solution

How does living blue-green algae Gloeocapsa affect bean plants? Blue-green algae are prokaryotic unicellular organisms. These organisms have the ability to fix nitrogen, or combine, in the form of ammonium (NH4) or nitrate (NO3) ions. Nitrogen is an important element for plant growth. In my experiment I tested to see if the living blue-green algae affected the bean plants' growth. I constructed two hydroponics apparatuses that held eleven plants each. The water solution in one of the apparatuses contained water and blue-green algae Gloeocapsa, and the other apparatus contained water and a hydroponics plant solution called Pure Blend Pro Grow. I tested the blue-green algae solutions and a commercial solution to see if the blue-green algae enhanced plant growth just as well as or better than a commercial solution. The plants grew in the two different solutions, and I measured the height of the plants for eighteen days. I recorded the weights and final heights of the plants on the last day. I concluded that blue-green algae enhanced plant growth just as well as the Pure Blend Pro Grow solution.

Effects of Molybdenum on the Growth of Brassica rapa

Molybdenum is one of the many required minerals needed for an organism to live. Molybdenum is used in plants primarily for Nitrogen Fixation which makes nitrogen available to the plants in the proper form. Nitrogen is a primary resource needed for all living organisms. In plants, nitrogen helps in plant, leaf, and chloroplast production. The aim of this experiment was to test the effect of different levels of Molybdenum on plants. To do this, 120 Brassica rapa plants were divided. Each pot was planted 4 seeds and there was 5 pots in each group. Molybdenum was applied in the various groups in levels of 0ppm, 1ppm, 2ppm, 4ppm, 6ppm, and 8ppm. The plant height (growth), leaf number, leaf mass, and root mass of the plants were measured. Data was collected, statistics were graphed and ANOVA test was used to determine the significance. Preliminary data suggests that there are minute differences and that there might not be a significant difference. The results will reveal the ideal amount of Molybdenum needed for a basic plant. Future experiments can further experiment the effects of Molybdenum into a specific region of the plant.

The Effects Of Taurine in High Calcium Soil.

Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is theorized to decrease calcium levels in neurons of a human body. Also, research indicates that high levels of calcium (more than 500ppm) in soil caused deficiencies to the seedlings in it (Landis, 1998). This research experimented the ability of taurine (concentration of 1g/250 ml) to decrease the calcium levels in soil with high calcium concentration. Soils with high calcium levels were watered with a taurine solution. Levels of calcium were checked by weekly and data was constructed. The effect of high calcium (more than 500ppm) on the ground of plants was also examined. Data was collected and analyzed. A T-test was applied to the data. Preliminary data indicates that taurine decreases high levels of Ca in soil. The hypothesis was accepted at a 95% confidence level. This application may be helped when the calcium in soil needs to be lowered in areas of land where there might be high calcium levels.

Salinity: Effect on Lycoperscion esculentum

Terrain varies from climate to climate, drastically affecting crop growth. Irrigation is used to make arid lands fertile, which are then suitable for growing crash crops. Because native shrubs and deep rooted vegetations are removed to clear an area, excess salt is evaporated into the soil, and later incorporated into the groundwater. These high salinity levels negatively affect the roots of vegetation, affecting the production of the crops. An experimental design was created to investigate this problem, which would determine how irrigation, over time can cause damage to crop roots. A hypothesis was formulated on this basis stating, as high salt concentrations administrated to Lycopersicon esculentum, the plant’s roots will decrease in length. In this study, the effects of three different concentration levels of NaCl would be used to observe the effect on the germination of seeds of Lycopersicon esculentum. The seeds would be exposed to the following: distilled H2O, 2 ppm of NaCl, and 6 ppm of NaCl. Statistical analysis (t-test) would be used to compare and contrast the experimental groups, as well as the control, based on data collected from evaluating the roots of the germinated seeds. Preliminary data indicated that as salt concentrations increased, the roots would show stunned growth. If excessive irrigation is commonly practiced, crop sizes production would dramatically decrease.

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

The relationship between diameter and slope of ant lion pits.

My project was to determine the relationship between ant lion pits diameters and their slope. Ant lions are tiny bugs that dig cone shaped holes in the sand and wait for ants to slip into them and they then flick sand making them slide further and suck the juice out of the ants leaving their carcass. In a tank in the lab and in the Pine Barrens the depth and diameter were measured and recorded. The opposite of sine was then used to calculate the slope of each pit recorded. The correlation of the diameter and slope was positive every time there were enough pits to be able to tell; the other times there was no change.

The Mozart Effect: Fact or Fallacy?

The purpose of our project is to test the Mozart Effect on students in our high school. Students that were tested in their science and math classes. Some of these students were in AP classes, while other were in average or below average classes. The data that we collected was sorted out to see if the Mozart Effect would really effect teenage high school students.

The Impact of Music on Test Scores

The subject of our experiment was the effect of music on IQ test scores. If music has a positive effect on IQ test scores and music is played during test taking, it should improve test scores. In a previous study, Mozart was played prior to the administration of the IQ test and IQ test scores rose 9 points. This occurrence was named the “Mozart effect,” but repeated experiments did not support this result. High school students anonymously took a musical aptitude test, a musical preference survey, and two IQ tests: one while listening to either rock or classical music and one without music. Tests were graded and statistical analysis was performed. The average scores of all tests subjects decreased by 1.70 points with music. However, subjects without musical aptitude improved by an average of 0.091427 points when the test was taken with music. The test scores of subjects with musical aptitude decreased by an average of 2.08385 points when they took the test with music. This data does not support the Mozart effect. However, the data suggests that people with musical aptitude have a greater negative effect on IQ test scores with music than people without musical aptitude.

Eye Shadow and Pupil Dilation

The topic being studied involves eye shadow, personality perception, and pupil dilation. It is a continuation of last year’s project, which concluded that make-up affects the way personality traits of a person are perceived by others. This year’s project will focus specifically on the effects of eye shadow. The hypothesis is that there will be a significant difference in perception between cooler colors, such as blue, green, or purple, compared to brilliant colors, such as red, orange, or yellow. The outcome of the experiment will be that color does affect personality perception. If the results of the project agree with what colors are associated with, cooler colors of eye shadow may make others think the person wearing the eye shadow is sad or tranquil, and possibly even more masculine. Warmer colors will make people think the person wearing the eye shadow is more upbeat and has many positive traits. The variable being studied is eye shadow, both cool and warm colored eye shadow. Three pictures of the same person will be used. One will have cool colored eye shadow, warm colored eye shadow, and the last will have normal eye shadow. They will be shown to volunteers and their pupil dilation will be measured to test physical reaction to the pictures. They will also be put on surveys asking participants to rate the picture on various characteristics, which will be used to emphasize the pupil dilation data.

The Psychological Effects of Color on Manual Dexterity in Teens

The purpose of this research was to determine whether color has as significant effect on the ability of teenagers to perform a mechanical task. Subjects, specifically 15 and 16 year olds of both genders, were timed as they assembled one puzzle on a red background and a different puzzle of equal difficulty on a blue background. The t-test results showed that there was not a significant difference in the times for completion of puzzles on the red versus blue backgrounds. However, males were more efficient than females with assembling the puzzles by approximately 25.29 seconds. It was found that the null hypothesis was accepted because there was not a significant difference between the red and blue backgrounds.

Can goldfish learn to discriminate between shapes using operant conditioning?

Preliminary research indicates that Carassius auratus, or the common goldfish, has been trained to recognize the difference between colors through operant conditioning. This research examined the ability of Carassius auratus to recognize various shapes using operant conditioning. It was hypothesized that Carassius auratus would discriminate the distinction between a circle, square, and a triangle. The goldfish were exposed to the different shapes using food as a stimulant. A T. test was used for statistical analysis. There is still a lot of interest in the scientific community to further explore conditioning, which will have long lasting implications in understanding and manipulating the behaviors of diverse animals.

Effects of magnetic reversals on the movement of anguilla rostrata.

There is evidence that the earth's magnetic field is weakening and may soon reverse. There are certain animals, such as Anguilla rostrata, that are believed to use the earth's magnetic field as a navigational device. If the earth's magnetic field were to reverse, what impact would it have on the navigational abilities of migratory animals, such as Anguilla rostrata? It was hypothesized that if the magnetic poles in a tank are reversed, then the Anguilla rostrata will swim in the opposite direction of which they were trained to retrieve their food. Eels were conditioned to go North to retrieve their food. After approximately two months of conditioning, the magnetic field in the tank was reversed using magnetic wire wound around a tank and a six volt power source. The findings were not significant enough to show whether the eels were directly influenced by the reversal of the magnetic field.

The Effect of Verbal Stimuli on Human Reaction Time

The hypothesis that different verbal commmands affect reaction time dependent on the verbal commands "stop" and "go" was tested. The classic ruler drop method was used to measure the reactions to both commands. Each subject was gievn one try to catch the ruler when given one of the command. The commands were given randomly to each subject. A t-test was used to analyze the significance of the data presenting which of the two commands delayed or had a greater effect on reaction time. Results should have suggested that one of the commands has a greater impact on human stimuli therefore having faster reaction times. However, due to t-test results, the null hypothsis could not be rejected. Research could be useful for future advancing technology.

An Analysis of Lies

Simona Saracco, Anny Okrainets An Analysis of Lies Behavioral Science This study is being done in order to investigate the physical factors influenced by the generation of false statements by the test subject. The hypothesis is that there is a direct correlation between heart rate, respiration rate, and perspiration rate and whether or not the test subject is telling the truth. The investigation is conducted according to the guidelines provided. The test subject is placed in an isolated environment and given a script. The script contains statements and two possible words to fill the blanks in the statement. One of the answers is an inarguable false response. The subject has respiration sensors, perspiration sensors, and heart rate monitors attached to their persona and plugged into a lap top. While the subject reads off the script, sometimes choosing false and sometimes right statements, the laptop records the measurements on the same graph. After the subject is done, the test controllers will receive the graphs but not the answer key that the test subject fulfilled. The test controllers will then have to determine what the answers were that were given by the test subjects. The investigation will explain the relationship between alterations in physical responses and the changes in the truth quotient of the responses of the test subject. The hypothesis is that there is a strong positive relationship; in other words, as the subject increases the falsehood of their responses, their perspiration rate, heart rate, and respiration rate will increase accordingly.

Is the Media Biased?

This project sought to determine if major U.S. newspapers provide biased coverage when covering controversial issues. A lexicon of “biased buzzwords” for each controversial topic selected was developed by analyzing the literature of advocacy groups on both sides of the issue. Articles from ten newspapers were examined and all the “buzzwords” used in those articles were tallied. A statistical analysis including p-tests was completed to determine whether the newspapers favored one type of buzzwords over another more than would be expected because of random chance. The results of the tests showed that only one newspaper, the Washington Times, did not exhibit bias when providing news coverage. The other newspapers were found to exhibit bias. Further statistical analysis indicated that bias was present in news reports regardless of geographic region.

The Psychological Effects of Color on Students Ability to Learn and Process Information

Abstract Colors effect moods in different ways. Your mood effects how well your ability to learn is. Do you learn as well angry as you do if you are happy or content? We propose that your mind will work faster and more efficiently if you are in a better mood. If our hypotheses’ is in fact correct, than the color of the classroom will indeed have an impact on your learning ability. A series of tests were given to students to perform that attend our local high school. They are simple math tests in the color yellow or in the color pink. The overall test scores will determine whether students test better in a specific color or if there is no difference. At the present time tests show that boys test better in yellow and girls test better in pink.

Audio Chip with Educational Applications

Education is usually approached by children just reading a book. This study involved researching and learning about the different types of learners, how the brain has a role in memory, and how to construct an audio chip. In our study we created an audio chip book and a regular book with the same storyline, which was then used to test for the most common learning style in children. After we completed this, we tested two different groups of children from which we drew our conclusions in conjunction with findings of other scientists. Through the analysis of a quiz given after the reading assignment we discovered that children who read the information are able to remember the information better.

Assessment of Stress Levels in Male Shelter Dogs

The objective of the study was to determine any changes in the stress levels among male shelter dogs during closed and open hours of an animal shelter. This observational study was done on two cohorts of dogs, neutered and non-neutered. The second part of the study determines any differences in stress levels between neutered and non-neutered dogs during the closed and open hours of the shelter. All of the dogs in each group was observed using a video camera throughout the day to compare behaviors during the closed hours of the shelter with its open hours. Results of responses in dogs were compared to an index of common stress-induced behaviors compiled by B. Beerda et. al.(1998) to determine what time of day stimulates more stressful responses in the dogs. The stress levels of the dogs in the experiments were measured using an observational behavioral stress scoring system reported by Kessler and Turner(1997).

Application of the Facial Action Coding System

The first step to performing this experiment is to get the actual FACS manual. With this manual, one can study the system and learn the vast assortment of facial movements that convey a certain emotion. The next step is to create a set of simple questions for subjects to answer. Then, one partner prompts the interviewee before questioning and tells him or her that he or she should lie while answering some questions and tell the truth for others. This will challenge the questioner to not automatically assume that this person is simply a liar when an answer is seen to be false. The questioner should then begin his or her series of questions and the facial movements should be recorded so that the video may be reviewed later and shown as proof that the system works. Once this is done, one can look at the emotions gathered, synchronize them with what question they relate to, and then decide whether or not the person was lying. The statistical data that will be gathered is the amount of times a certain facial expression is made after the video recorded during the questioning is analyzed on a computer. This data can be put into a table and even displayed on some kind of bar graph. Then, the height of certain bars and the amount of lies can be compared and a correlation can be made between the two and shown to anyone who would observe these tables and graphs.

Effects of a Beverage Stimulant and Dietary Supplement Interaction on Cognitive Processes

The objective of the study is to test the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and the combination of ginkgo and caffeine on learning and memory function. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used in the experiments since zebrafish are vertebrates and their genome is very similar to those of humans. The fish were divided into a control group and five experimental groups that were exposed to varying levels of ginkgo and/or caffeine. Their learning behavior and memory function were examined by teaching the fish a simple spatial alternation task with food as the reward. During the experiments food was delivered on alternating sides of the fish tank at constant time intervals. The animal's achievement of the spatial learning and memory tasks was represented by its presence at the correct side of the tank at food delivery. Data collected from the experiments was recorded, statistically analyzed and graphed. The data indicated that moderate amounts of ginkgo were beneficial to learning but had no effect on memory. Doubled dosages of ginkgo had negative effects on the cognitive functions. The interaction of ginkgo and caffeine at moderate dosages had no effect on cognitive functions, while doubled dosages of the interaction resulted in negative effects. Experiment results showed that negative effects on cognitive functions can result from interactions and that excessive amounts do not necessarily enhance effects. Therefore, the combination and dosage of substances ingested must be taken into consideration prior to consumption.

CHEMISTRY

The Use of Polymers in Plant Disease Prevention.

The purpose of the experiment was to find the best ratio of PVA to PVAc in a mixture for an even release of colorant over three days. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and PVAc (polyvinyl acetate) are adhesives used to bind fungicides, growth regulators, and other various additives to seed coatings during processing. The first step was to mix the PVA, which was in powdered form. The PVA was mixed in distilled water to a 20% dilution. After mixing the PVA, the next step was to make the ratio mixtures of PVA and PVAc. Five different mixtures were made. The first was a 1:3 PVA:PVAc, the second a 1.5:2.5 PVA:PVAc, the third a 2:2 PVA:PVAc, the fourth 2.5:1.5 PVA:PVAc, and the last 3:1 PVA:PVAc. One hundred milliliters of each mixture was made. One teaspoon of Yellow 5 Lake was dissolved in each mixture and the mixtures were allowed to dry overnight. On a milligram scale, 0.10 grams of the dried PVA/PVAc mixture was weighed out. The samples were then ground up and placed in a test tube, along with ten milliliters of distilled water, and then allowed to sit undisturbed for an hour. After the first hour, measurements of the colorant release were taken using a ThermoSpectronic spectrophotometer. A blank test tube was placed in the spectrophotometer to zero it, and then the first test tube containing a PVA/PVAc mixture was measured. Each time the spectrophotometer was zeroed again before taking a reading. This process was repeated every hour for four hours. Results were recorded as they were taken. A reading of the test tubes was also taken once a day for the following two days. After the final test, the test tubes were emptied and cleaned. The results were recorded and compared. PVAc is a better adhesive to use in seed pelleting than PVA. PVAc holds the colorant in longer and gives a more even release rate than does PVA. The ratio of 1:3 PVA:PVAc gave the best readings for a slow, even release of colorant.

Color Changes in Indicator Solutions

The subject of my experiment is bromocresol green and the effects that dilutions have on the color of the indicator solution. In most cases, the color of indicator solutions upon dilution decreases in the intensity, but the wavelength of the absorbing light remains constant. For my experiment, I analyzed the color changes in an aqueous solution of bromocresol green to determine why some indicator solutions change in color as well. In order to fully analyze the color change, protonated, HIn, and charged, In -, dilutions of bromocresol green were prepared and the pH and electronic spectra of each aliquot was measured. By analyzing the relationship between the pH and the concentration of both species to determine the pK¬¬¬IN value for each dilution, it was concluded that in order to experience a color change the concentration of an indicator must be in the same range as the pKIN value. It was also concluded from further analysis that the protonated and non-protonated species must have different colors, and the presence of an acid or basic substance in the solvent medium should be in the same concentration range as the pKIN¬ value.

The Effect of Reduced Carbon Dioxide Concentration on DMFC Efficiency

The purpose of this experiment was to see the effect reduced carbon dioxide would have on the efficiency of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). If the excess carbon dioxide was removed from the environment of a fuel cell then the cell reaction would be driven to the right as predicted by Le Chatlier's principle, which would in turn result in an increased voltage output. A voltage meter was used to determine the DMFC voltage output. Then, for the experimental set, a soda lime scrubber was used to remove waste carbon dioxide and the DMFC voltage output was measured when it was in the presence of the soda lime scrubber. A solid conclusion has not yet been reached. Further testing is being conducted.

Encapsulating pH-indicating dyes in sol-gel matrices

Sol-gel glass matrices derived from tetramethyl orthosilicate and encapsulated with a pH-indicating dye, either methyl orange, methyl red, or cresol red, were synthesized. The matrices were compared with solution phase chemistry for indicating range and reversibility. The sol-gel materials served as effective indicators within a well-defined pH range, though the reversibility was often slower than the initial change. The quality of sol-gel monoliths depended on the container used during synthesis, with plastic well-plates producing materials of consistent and convenient size and shape.

Corrosion of Steel

Corrosion is a major problem in engineering; bridges, cars, and buildings are all affected by this process. When salt is used in the wintertime to combat ice on roadways, there appears to be an increased amount of corrosion on cars and bridges. Bridges built near the ocean incur salt spray. Does this salt build-up cause corrosion and weaken the structure? How is the rate of corrosion of steel affected by the salinity of the water it is immersed in? To investigate this, samples of steel wool were submerged in salt (NaCl) solutions of varying concentrations and observed. In total, 90 samples were observed while experimenting to find practical ways to describe the process qualitatively and quantitatively. The result was that the amount of corrosion is proportional to the concentration of salt in the solution. Using linear regression of the last five samples, it was determined that increasing the salinity of water increases the corrosion of steel wool. (The R2 value for this equation is 0.9934.) However, it was not proven that the chloride ions caused this effect.

The Efficiency of Alternative Fuels

Gasoline prices have never been higher since the recent events in the Middle East and natural disasters in the southern states. The goal of this project is find the efficacy and power of different concentrations of several of the more popular alternative fuel sources including ethyl alcohol, gasoline, and vegetable oil.

Could Copper Binding Be The Key To Alzheimers Disease?

In all living systems, metals must bond in specific ways to proteins. Copper is one metal that plays a key role in brain development and the central nervous system. Although copper is required for good health and development, excessive amounts of this element in the body are toxic. Recent research suggests that high levels of copper may play a key role in the development of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Mad Cow, and tumor growth. However, the exact role of copper is uncertain. This study examines the characteristics of copper binding to protein. In order to study copper binding, an inexpensive protein called BSA, was used to react with copper compounds. A precipitate was formed when either copper sulfate or copper chloride was added to a solution of BSA. This suggests that the copper (II) cation, not the anion, causes the precipitation. While zinc produced a similar effect to copper, other metals such as calcium, aluminum, and nickel did not form a precipitate when added to BSA. These results support the hypothesis that copper may play a major role in the formation of protein plaques and prion deposits found in victims of Alzheimer’s and Mad Cow Disease. Because resolubilizing these deposits could lead to a treatment or cure for these diseases, the removal of copper from the precipitated protein was tested. EDTA, MoS42-, and WS42- have all been used successfully to scavenge metals in the treatment of metal toxicity. When added to the precipitated protein, they all completely resolubilized the precipitate. The focus of this study was to understand the qualitative and quantitative conditions necessary to precipitate the protein and to resolubilize it.

The Effects of Natural Fixatives on the Durability of Natural Dyes

The purpose of this research was to test how different fixatives kept dyes permanent. Five natural dyes and two fixatives (salt/water or vinegar/water) were tested on 36 cotton swatches. The swatches were washed until the dye color changed or faded. The results showed no difference between those soaked in a fixative and those soaked only in the dyes. It was found that salt/water and vinegar/water fixatives did not increase the durability of natural dyes.

Analysis of Edible Oils Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Various vegetable oils (such as canola oil, olive oil, and hazelnut oil) were studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Because of the complexity and similarities of these infrared spectra it is difficult to differentiate among oil types. The present study demonstrates an effective statistical analysis that allows for differentiation. Five spectra of each oil, including pure and commercial varieties, were taken. Principal component analysis was then performed using seven variables within each spectrum to generate scatter plots. These plots can be used to differentiate between different varieties of oil. In addition to distinguishing between different oils, it is also possible to note differences between the commercial and pure oil samples.

The Effect of Acid on a Dolomite-Epoxy Deicing Surface.

A new road coating has been made to hold more deicing materials. It is hypothesized that acid rain deteriorates this coating. The coating is made up of an epoxy-dolomite solution. This has been made to increase the surface area to hold more deicing materials such as calcium chloride. An experiment was conducted where the coating was placed on un-surfaced porcelain tile. Water was poured on and left to freeze. It was quantified how much froze on the tiles. The procedure was done with different amounts of acid acting upon the surface coating. Preliminary results suggest that acid rain causes deterioration of the tiles and does not allow for the full holding capacity of the deicing materials.

Which is the Best Fire Extinguisher?

Fire is a chemical reaction that can start out as the burning of a small twig but end up destroying many acres of land. Most small household fires spread quickly due to the fact that many houses aren’t equipped with fire extinguishers and/or the person doesn’t know how to use them. In addition, it has been known that the fumes given off by fire extinguishers can be harmful to your health. It was hypothesized that the homemade fire extinguisher would be simpler to use/handle, eco-friendly and as effective as the standard fire extinguisher. Several small contained fires were started and allowed to burn for five minutes. A homemade fire extinguisher made up basically of vinegar and baking soda was used to extinguisher the fire. The time it took to extinguisher the fire was recorded. This time was compared to the time a standard fire extinguisher used to extinguish the fire. Data was collected and a T test was applied. Data suggested that a homemade extinguisher can be as effective as the standard fire extinguisher on small fires. In the future an effort can be made to have a homemade fire extinguisher in each household to prevent small household fires from destroying the homes of many.

Color Retention in Hair treated with Liquid and Creme Permanent Dyes

The purpose of this research was to analyze the color retention of liquid vs. crème permanent hair dyes on human gray hair samples through testing and comparison. Three samples of crème hair dyes and three samples of liquid hair dyes were washed with a harsh shampoo and exposed to six hours of sunlight (or a sun lamp depending on the weather) for 25 consecutive days. They were then compared to a standard, an untreated gray hair sample, and to its corresponding component (i.e. permanent liquid natural blonde and permanent crème natural blonde). T-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the color retention of liquid and crème hair dyes. It was found that crème dyes are more efficient in color retention than the liquid dyes.

Thermodynamics of toluene solubility in aqueous media

The thermodynamics behind toluene transfer between solutions of different cosolvents was studied. Several solutions of toluene in various cosolvents were made and analyzed with ultra-violet spectroscopy to determine the concentration of toluene. From this data, the free energy changes of solution formation were calculated. The main result found was that there was a positive free energy change of roughly 1 to 10 kJ/mol in solutions with polar solvents and a negative free energy change of roughly 0 to -0.5 kJ/mol in solutions with non-polar solvents.

Zone Refining Purification of Organic Solids

The principle behind zone refining is that a substance will become purified through repetitive melting and re-crystallization. This purification occurs when the impurity is more soluble in the melt than in the crystal. Generally, impurities are excluded from the crystal when it reforms. We have constructed a zone refining apparatus, consisting of an annular heater and a motorized pulley system capable of drawing a sample tube through the heated zone. We have chosen naphthalene as the host crystal due to its low melting temperature and ability to form high quality crystals. We have used Coumarin 152 as a model impurity to demonstrate the feasibility of directly imaging impurity concentration by fluorescence mapping. Subsequent to each zone refinement run, the sample tubes were examined under UV light. An ordinary digital camera was used to monitor the spatial concentration of the impurity dye by recording its fluorescence. After two zone passes, we were able to visualize a roughly 100x reduction in dye concentration in the top quarter of the sample tube.

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Controlling Autonomous Robotic Vehicle Speed by Reading Speed Limit Signs

The purpose of my program is to allow autonomous vehicles to read speed limit signs, therefore allowing them to adjust their speed and ultimately become safer for urban use. My program uses an image taken from a camera which is passed as a bitmap into my program. The program then isolates the speed limit sign from the rest of the picture. Next, it feeds the picture of the sign into an artificial neural network, which attempts to determine the number written on the sign. The neural network is able to read the numbers by being trained beforehand to recognize the pattern of the inputs. This information would then be used to control the motor speed of a robotic vehicle, making the vehicle more predictable and safe for other drivers and pedestrians.

Designing with Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)

Although the parallel port is a popular interface, it sometimes is insufficient for a complex project because of its limited I/O lines. Using the ISA bus, you can get 32 I/O lines where the parallel port can usually only have 8 output and even fewer input lines. This project will involve handling communication with the computer's ISA bus, in order to get these I/O lines working properly.

A neural circuit model for integrating a multiple visual cues: application to real-time object recognition and tracking

Artificial intelligence theory has, in modern times, moved away from the traditional theories of using brute force methods and towards modeling computers after the way the human brain actually works. Before any major intelligence functions properly, the human neocortex must be understood. Scientests have discovered that the visual neocortex functions in a feedback and feed forward method with an upside down tree structure. This project describes an algorithm that is being developed to simulate this theory using an object recognition algorithm. The algorithm recognizes simple still images and ranks them based on how effective the algorithm was at identifying it. Eventually, the code will be able to track an image through a live video feed.

Learning on the Go: The First PDA Intelligent Tutor

The creation and evaluation of the first Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Intelligent Tutor is part of the first long-term study of high school student PDA use. The study involved three-parts, 146 students over four years. As previously reported, part one found that PDA use improves grades by 13% (Bick, 2004). Part two, determined that a participatory simulation increases student science achievement by 24.7% (Bick, 2005). For part three, the first PDA intelligent tutor (reported in the scientific literature) was written. The tutor teaches algebra and incorporates the novel real-world location variable into its artificial intelligence cognitive schema. Because a PDA is highly portable, students were able to learn anywhere. The tutor generates problems based on the student’s real-world location. For example, when at Starbucks, the PDA tutor generates problems based on Starbucks drinks. Trials with an Algebra 1 class of twenty students resulted in a statistically significant test performance increase, increased student motivation and high tutor efficacy. Students like the emphasis on problems that are relevant to their lives. Teachers, who assign the tutor for homework and in the classroom, find that students quickly adapt to the PDA platform. Results illustrate potential of large-scale PDA implementations and support PDA purchases with No Child Left Behind Act funding. Data suggests a reallocation of technology budgets to PDAs will statistically significantly improve student achievement. Beyond the classroom, this novel location-aware training technology has significant implications for industrial, medical and military environments where training and practice is based on real world location.

EARTH and SPACE SCIENCE

The Effects of Meteorite Characteristics on the Formation of Craters

The purpose of this research was to determine how the characteristics of sphere objects and drop heights effect the formation of impact craters. Ten spheres were dropped from heights of 0.5, 1.5, and 3 meters, and the diameter and depth of the resulting craters was recorded. The volume of the craters was found from the data collected. The results showed that the crater volumes increased as the mass, volume, density, and drop height increased. It was found that the mass, volume, density, and drop height of a sphere affected the formation of impact craters.

The role of calcium carbonate,oxygen isotopes,and paleoclimate through belomnite fossils.

Abstract The Cretaceous period is considered to be warmer than today. Also crocodile fossils were found during this time because crocodiles usually exist in warmer climate.Stable isotopes are commonly used in studies to determine paleoclimate. Cretaceous and modern fossils are collected and the Isotope ratios of both the modern and the cretaceous fossils are measured and compared with the use of mass spectrometer. Preliminary research shows that paleoclimates from stable isotopes are warmer.

Modeling bolide induced Atlantic Megatsunamis.

The goal of this project was to model the large scale movements of huge water waves caused by megatsunamis created by bolide impact. A model was constructed by placing a mounted raised relief map in the tank of warm water and the simulated bolide was launched to explore the displaced water creating a wave simulating a megatsunami at different angles. Although a solid conclusion had not been reached, the model suggests large areas of North America would be affected by megatsunamis. Further research will be conducted in order to determine the exact areas covered by huge water waves of megatsunamis.

Chemical Composition of New Jersey Cretaceous Amber

Cretaceous amber specimens were collected in Sayreville, New Jersey. The specimens were subject to analytical techniques. Through these techniques I was able to determine the chemical composition of the amber. The process is currently being applied, therefore results cannot be concluded.

ENGINEERING

Circuits of Safety

In our project, we created a bi-color LED display board that would notify bus drivers whether students on a bus are seated and if they have buckled their seat belts. Under each seat is a pressure sensor resistor. When pressure is applied, the resistance created by the pressure sensor decreases, allowing a feed to be sent to the microprocessor. This lights the corresponding LED red on the driver’s display board. The display board is set up like a map of the bus with a light for each seat. A seat belt has been wired so that when a student buckles it, a circuit is completed. We stitched a wire into the edge of the fabric and connected it to the metal heads of the belt. When the belt is connected, the microprocessor takes that input and changes the color of the corresponding LED on the board to green.

Exploring CNC

The project is to design, build, and use a three-axis CNC machine. This will help one to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in methods of constructing, programming and calibrating a CNC machine capable of movement in three dimensions. The Rational behind this is for a student being interested in engineering this science fair project will give me a base on understanding the factors that affect Quality control in a machines construction. In addition, with aspirations of becoming an engineer, this project encompasses many aspects, it will teach proficiency in methods of computers, electrons, stepper motors, and production efficiency. Construction will be done on three levels. The first level is the mechanical level. I will first construct and modify a table for use as a platform. I will set up perfectly perpendicular my x and y-axis’s. I will build and properly position my z-axis. Finally, I will then hook up my stepper motors. The second level is the electronic level. I will pre-build the circuit schematics. I will assemble circuits to breadboard. I will connect boards to the computer. Finally, I will run the power up procedure. The final level of construction will be putting the mechanical and electrical aspects together and calibrating them to work as a unit. I will follow the following testing procedure. First, I will create an idea for program. Second I will Design a program on computer. Third, I will standardize program by putting program into g- code form. Finally, I will set up the machine and run the program. We will analyze are data by measuring the deviation value in inches from software intended design. When analysis the data we will take in to consideration linear accuracy, radial accuracy, the accuracy of the machine when program is Scaled, and final the speed to completion. This CNC Machine will be able to define the space it is working in; the machine is intended to be statically accurate with in 25% of desired computer program.

Servo Controlled Marionette To Imitate Human Motions

I have designed, constructed, and programmed two servo-controlled marionettes to study and reproduce certain basic motions of the human body. Various sources such as Eadweard Muybridge’s historic stop-motion photographs of the human figure in motion, and video recordings of myself walking, were analyzed to provide data for the computer animation script files that control the servos. The first marionette operates with a total of six servos, providing basic control of both arms and legs. The second marionette uses eight servos to improve control of the lower legs, and to add control of head movements both up and down, and side to side. These improvements allow for a more realistic walking motion, as well as better expression of gesture and mood. Scripts were written for both marionettes demonstrating different types of motions including walking, running, and dancing. Later scripts were synchronized with music files to show how figural movements and music can be choreographed together. Servo-controlled marionettes have practical uses for both entertainment and educational purposes. They also are a relatively economical way to begin studying computer control of more complex robots such as servo-controlled artificial limbs.

Laser Transmission

This study involved the testing of Morse code transmission, audio transmission, and video transmission. Transmission of this type of data is made possible via a laser. Using a helium neon laser, a computer is able to transmit the data to another computer; the latter will be receiving the data via a receiver built from a photo resistor connected to a phono-plug. Tests were then done comparing the distance traveled by the laser to the intensity of the sound received, measured in decibels, except for the tests done on the Morse code transmitter which compared distance to accuracy. Results from these tests show that increased distance adversely affects the accuracy or intensity of the sound received by the computer.

Titan Tilt System

The purpose of this research was to design a simple and more controllable tilt-in-space wheelchair. The platform was designed with a central ball joint and two scissor jacks with universal joints fixed to the top. A model was built and about 16 degrees of tilt was achieved in the four main directions. The jolt of the previous has been corrected using the jacks and a drill to control the tilt instead of the muscle of the operator.Thus, it was found that this model in indeed simpler and more controllable than earlier designs.

NeuropiloT

Imagine driving down the street, hands off the steering wheel, feet off the pedals, yet the car still responds to your every command. You feel as in control as ever, yet you don’t physically need to do anything. And why should you. Your brain is essentially a complex biochemical computer, and computers communicate without rudimentary physical controls. I am bridging the gap between human and machine. I have developed a robotic platform, capable of transporting you, that can be controlled by mere thought. Using an electroencephalograph with non invasive surface electrodes, I monitor the brain's activity, and the waveforms your brain is generating. With an algorithm that searches for specific mu waves, I can get several on/off control switches from the brain. These switches can be used to control just about anything. I chose to control a platform, useable by anyone with brain activity, including people paralyzed from the neck down. Everyone can finally enjoy the mobility we have had throughout our lives. Keyboards, joysticks, mice, and steering wheels are all things of the past. Brain control is the future.

The Study of the Practical Applications of Hovercrafts

“The Study of the Practical Applications of Hovercrafts” is a project devoted to the uses and applications of hovercrafts in everyday life. The primary research goal is to find the optimum skirt hole size (and, therefore, internal pressure) of a hovercraft. Different weights were placed on a hovercraft, and pressures were recorded for each skirt hole size and amount of weight. These pressures were then analyzed, graphed, and empirically evaluated. The optimum hole size will soon be determined. Trends in the correlation between pressure and hole size were also found, and calculations were made as to how best scale-up our findings to larger hovercraft. Applications for practical uses of hovercrafts were also discovered, as were ways to apply the findings to said hovercraft applications. It was determined that varying hole-size could accommodate a variety of applications, such as high mobility or high weight-bearing capacity. We would like to thank everyone involved in this even

Experiments with Magnetic Liquids

I have constructed a simple therapeutic device that could be used for either massage or rehabilitation with magnetorheological fluids and latex balloons. Magnetorheological fluids are a special class of ferrofluids that solidify upon the influence of a magnetic field. After the fluid was created with cheap ingredients, it was put into the balloon. When no magnetic field was near, the balloon was squeezed. However, when several neodymium magnets were placed near, the rheological properties of the fluid completely changed, and squeezing became somewhat more difficult. Additionally, the magnets were arranged at different positions, and that altered the amount of difficulty it would take to squeeze the balloon. This unique property would be useful for people who want to relax their hands or people who have suffered hand injuries. As a result, a special type of exercise program was developed for people who want to use this prototype.

Germinator: Garbage Can of the Future

Many waste receptacles are commonly found in fast food establishments, schools and other public areas. many of these feature flip-open doors which must be pushed in order to open. This can lead to the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses. The Germinator is a possible solution to this problem since it features a motion-sensor activated opening system. When compared to regular waste receptacles, the Germinator is expected to test for lower numbers of baceria since it does not have to be touched to open. A survey about waste containers helps to support our hypothesis.

Balancing Robot

The purpose of my robot is to balance itself on two wheels along an axis of free rotation. The robot balances by using two accelerometers, a gyroscope, a Kalman filter and a PID loop. The Kalman filter, PID loop and other motion control routines are executed on an Atmel microcontroller. Also, sensor bandwidth and error parameters had to be anticipated to make the robot balance with minimal oscillations. The robot maintains a high center of mass and continuously satisfies a second order differential equation that models an inverted pendulum.

Wind-powered Generator Blade Design: Pitch vs. Power

This project is being completed mainly due to the need for alternative energy sources in today’s energy-consuming society. The project being studied entails testing a single blade at different pitch angles, at increments of 20, to determine what the optimum blade pitch is for the maximum power output. The tests were conducted using an industrial-sized fan at three different speeds with RPM’s ranging from 5000 to 8000 at the three different settings. The results found were all very similar at the different settings. The average optimum angle between the three was found to be 30°.

Pre-Hot Zone Temperature Detector

The objective of this project was to build a device that will enable a firefighter to determine the temperature of a hot zone before actually entering it. Because the temperature of a hot zone can peak up to 1000°F (538°C), a thermocouple was used to detect the temperature. With its wide range, the device was able to measure the appropriate temperature without damaging the actual device. Furthermore, considering the type of environment this device will be used in, an audio signal was used to detect the temperature—as the temperature increased, the device will beep more rapidly.

Compression and Tensile Strengths in Different Ratios of Portland Cement

Name: Abigail Bricker Project Title: Compression and Tensile Strengths in Different Ratios of Portland Cement Category: Engineering Abstract This project was sparked by an interest in engineering and architecture as a potential college major, causing the concentration on concrete as a versatile building material. By examining the relationship between the ratio of sand and Portland cement to the resulting tensile and compression strengths, it is possible that innovative uses for cement will be able to be studied or tested further. Cement is also not a very well known material in the classroom, and through the testing of different ratios of sand to cement, labs can be created for teachers to use within the classroom. Throughout the experiment, different ratios of sand to Portland cement will be tested based on their resulting compression and tensile strengths. By using a hydraulic press, the different samples can be tested to find the strongest resulting ratio of sand to Portland cement and different sample shapes. Throughout the course of the experiment, the different properties of cement will be explored to design potential lab activities for teachers to use in their classrooms to teach about cement.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

The effect of de-icing chemicals on the germination of plants.

It was recently discovered that roadside plants were often dead after a snow storm. Research indicated that it was caused by the presence of de-icing chemicals such as Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride. Four plastic Rubbermaid containers measuring 10.6in. x 6.in. x 2.5in. were used to determine if this were really true. Afterwards each container had been layered with two Bounty paper towels dampened with 30mL of water. Each had 12 sunflower seeds and 16 radish seeds in it. For the control group, plastic pieces were to be placed on top of the paper towels with the total mass of 3.5 grams but we could not find any. For the experimental group, Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride were placed on top of the paper towels also with a mass of 3.5 grams each. Research suggested that the germination of plants with the Calcium Chloride was affected more than the plants with the Sodium Chloride and plants with the plastic had normal growth.

Road Salt Concentrations and the Germination of Asteraceae

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of the presence of road salt on germination rates across different plant species within the family Asteraceae. Five species of plants were tested using varying concentrations of salt water and a tap water control. Differences in germination rates, based on the number of days from planting to germination and number of peat pots in which germination occurred were observed. It was concluded that the presence of road salt does affect germination rates across different plant species within the family Asteraceae.

The difference in the chemical compositions between the undisturbed and disturbed lands.

This project examines the soil disturbance caused by human activity. Soil samples from both disturbed and undisturbed sites were collected and analyzed. Four different nutrient tests were conducted to compare the chemical composition levels. It was hypothesized that undisturbed soil samples would be higher in nutrients than disturbed samples. Results revealed that the undisturbed sites did contain higher nutrients compared to the disturbed ones. It was then concluded that human disturbance did play a major role in changing the chemical composition of soil.

Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Tobacco Hornworm Behavior and Physiology

Tobacco and tomato hornworms (Manduca sexta) are the common large caterpillars that defoliate tomato plants. Chlorogenic acid is produced by tomato plants, which generally prevents other plants from growing nearby. It also hints to deter small organisms away. It was hypothesized that Hornworms may show an avoidance behavior to this acid. In this experiment Chlorogenic acid was tested upon tomato pests in order to see what effects, if any, it has on their larval form (the most damaging stage). The hornworms fasted for 24 hours in order to achieve the desired response. They, then, were placed on a corrugated board along with their food which was approximately 16-20 cm. away. The time it took for the Hornworms to realize the existence of food and getting to it was recorded. When the time was consistent, a strip of Chlorogenic acid was painted on the board. The worms were then observed to see if they would pass the Chlorogenic acid to get to the food. Data was collected, and analyzed. Preliminary results indicate that chlorogenic acid does affect the behavior of Hornworms. This chemical may be used as a solution to Hornworm infestation.

Using Daphnia and Lettuce Seed Bioassays to Assess the Toxicity of Local Waters

The subject of this experiment was to use lettuce seed and Daphnia bioassays to assess the toxicity of local waterways. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether our local water ways are polluted and ascertain the effect of location. If local water ways are contaminated and lettuce seed and Daphnia bioassays are performed, then the number of surviving Daphnia and number of germinating lettuce seeds will decrease. Bioassays test the response of different organisms to a variety of environmental pollutants. Lettuce seeds and Daphnia are common organisms used in bioassays. Four water samples at 100% concentration and controls were placed in Petri dishes, with the addition of 10 lettuce seeds or 3 to 5 Daphnia. Responses were observed and recorded. The data suggested that all four waterways tested were not highly polluted. Using commercial tests for specific pollutants supported this conclusion.

The Effecys of Salinity Concentrations on the Viability of Adult Brine Shrimp

The purpose of this research was to determine the tolerance of brine shrimp to variations in salinity. Nine combinations of brine shrimp (n=100) were placed in solutions ranging from 16% to 30% salt water. The results showed that 66% of the shrimp placed in the 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24% and 25% were viable for ten days. Shrimp placed in the 26%, 28% and 30% solutions were viable for ten days, four days and three days respectively. It was concluded that salinity concentrations of greater than 25% negatively affect the viability of brine shrimp.

Degradation of 2,4-D by plasmid PJP4 in Pseudomonas putida.

The purpose of this project was to observe the ability of plasmid PJP4 to degrade 2,4-D as well as to transform PJP4 negative bacteria to PJP4 positive. The effect of 2,4-D on planaria in the absence and presence of the herbicide degrading bacteria, Pseudomonas putida was observed. It was shown that there are multiple negative effects of 2,4-D on planaria such as retracted auricles and other morphological irregularities. The presence of the plasmid PJP4 in putida prevented these negative effects. Isolation techniques were used to extract the plasmid DNA from putida and E. coli were then transformed. Biotechnology can be used to transform indigenous bacteria with the degradation plasmid, thereby reducing the damage to aquatic ecosystems by 2,4-D runoff.

The melting Rates of Recyclable Plastics

The purpose of this research was to determine which recycled plastics would have high melting points compared to those plastics that do not have good resistance to heat. Each recycled plastic was put through two eight minute tests in a 1300 watt microwave oven. The time the plastic began to change form was recorded. Results showed that all of the plastics were affected by the heat of the microwave to varying degrees based on the characteristics of the plastic. It was found that, after all the categories of plastics were tested, the melting rates corresponded with the characteristics of the plastics as noted in the literature.

Effects of Turbulence on Philodina Rotifers Exposed to Toxicity

Past research has indicated that the results of toxicity tests on aquatic organisms carried out in laminar flow were distinct from those tests carried out in static flow. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether a different type of fluid motion, namely, turbulence, would affect the toxicity of herbicide 2,4-D on freshwater (i)Philodina sp (i). Cultures with known concentrations of rotifers were established to determine the EC50, the concentration that led to 50% decrease of healthy rotifers. Four intensities of turbulence were tested on the rotifer culture exposed to EC50 by inserting a magnetic spin valve, spun by the stirring hot plate, in the culture. This 24h experiment was repeated with varying concentrations of 2,4-D. To ensure that the turbulent motion did not harm the organisms, an additional four cultures without any herbicide were established and was exposed to fluid dynamics. Data was collected by enumerating encysted, dead, and living rotifers and the intensities of turbulence, Reynold’s number, was calculated.

The Allelopathic Effect of Cladonia Lichen Leachate on Mycorrhizae Growth

The purpose of this experiment was to see if leachate from Cladonia lichen would prevent growth of mycorrhizal fungi cultures. Fungal cultures were exposed to paper disks soaked with Cladonia leachate. Control sets were exposed to distilled water. Research suggests that leachate of Cladonia inhibits growth of fungi. Further investigation on experiment is in process.

The Effectiveness of Juglone As An Alternative to Natural Herbicides

Many commercial herbicides use manmade chemicals as their active ingredient. Since the development of RoundUp, the popularity of these herbicides have grown. It has been observed that the base of the Black Walnut tree has very little, if any, growth of invading plant species. This was due to the husks of the black walnut, containing the chemical Juglone. Juglone is said to have herbicidal properties that may match the power of Glysophate. (the active ingredient of RoundUP as well as some other commercial herbicides) The purpose of this experiment is to test the herbicidal strength of Juglone against that of commercial herbicides.

Quantitative Analysis of Triclosan and DEET in Local Tap Waters

Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) were used to analyze the amount of triclosan and DEET, two suspected endocrine disruptors, in local water samples. Water samples were taken from Woodbridge, Fords, Highland Park, Rutgers University Cook College Campus, and the Delaware-Raritan Canal. The canal directly feeds the water treatment plant for the other sampled areas. Standards were created to calibrate the GC-MS at concentrations of 100 ng/mL, 80 ng/mL, 60 ng/mL, 40 ng/mL, and 20 ng/mL. Quality control was done by spiking pure (Milli-Q) water with a known quantity of the standards. Spiked water was extracted and analyzed to show a 93% recovery of added compounds. Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with SDB-XC Empore disks. Triclosan and DEET were found in a majority of samples. Triclosan was found at concentrations as low as 1 ng/L and as high as 24 and 53 ng/L in Fords water. DEET was found in concentrations around 2-3 ng/L.

Using Spectrophotometric Techniques to Quantify the Bioremediation of Oil Spills.

On site the effect of bioremediation of oil spills is difficult to analyze. Simulated oil contaminated beach environments were created using oil, sand, water, and bacteria with collection modules inserted inside each environment. Some of the environments received fertilizer; the environments without fertilizer were the controls. Readings from each environment were taken using a spectrophotometer and analyzed over a period of time. The results indicated the presence of bioremediation, but the nature of the collection modules caused significant variations in the outcome of the results.

Effects of Goose Feces on Water Quality and Aquatic Life

Each year geese feces are rid of high school sports fields and deposited in the rivers adjacent to the school grounds. Because these waterways are home to aquatic life and also may serve as drinking water for surrounding towns, it is important to know how feces will affect water quality and life. Three experiments were performed to see the effects of geese feces on water quality and aquatic life. First, the feces were tested for the presence of salmonella and E. coli by swabbing samples of feces on SS agar and EMB agar. Second, multiple beakers with various percentages of feces were tested and observed over a period of one week to measure decreasing and increasing amounts of various components, including oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, and pH. The third experiment tested the effects of feces on goldfish and blue channel catfish. The fish were introduced to various amounts of feces and monitored to see their response to the environment as the changes in water quality. It was found that fecal matter between .5% and 1% was detrimental to the well being of fish; the pathogens in the feces harmed the fish and decreased oxygen, the fecal matter increased nitrogen levels, and the pH reached unhealthy, harmful levels.

Determination of the Presence of Contaminants in Well Water in Warren County, NJ

The purpose of this research was to examine if indicators of contamination were present in well water samples from Warren County, New Jersey, and, if present, to determine if levels of contamination were within normal well water standards. Twenty-five water samples were collected from wells in Warren County, NJ. The protocol established for use with a freshwater pollution testing kit was followed for testing the water. Results of the tests were all within the normal well water standards. It was found that the well water in Warren County, NJ was not contaminated.

MATHEMATICS

The Impact of Starting Hands on the Outcome of Texas HoldEm.

The purpose of this research was to determine what impact, if any, the initial hands in Texas Hold’Em had on the outcome of the game. One-hundred and eighteen games of poker were played and the two hands involved were recorded along with the five community cards. The starting hands were separated into five categories and the winning percentages of each hand type were recorded. All the games were examined to determine how often each initial hand ended the game with a certain final combination and the findings were also recorded. After several ANOVA tests were examined, it was found that there was no significant difference in the percentages of the winning hands or in the frequency that starting hands reached certain ending combinations.

Variations in Strategies on the Success of RISK

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a series of strategies on the outcome of the game RISK. A series of RISK games (n=50) was played with passive, moderate and aggressive strategies. For each game recorded, there are three data collection points. Results showed that the different strategies were effective in specific areas of the game. For example, an aggressive strategy was most effective in taking countries. Upon analysis with two-tailed t-tests, it was concluded that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of the three strategies used in the game of RISK

The Effect of a Baseball Players Achievements and its Contribution to the team

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of one baseball player’s contribution based on his stats versus his team’s overall success. Batting averages were collected during the 2005 Major League Baseball season from both the starting players and their teams. The player’s individual batting average data was compared to the averaged data of the entire team. The results varied for each individual team and for the contributing players. It was found that, overall, one player’s personal success cannot help the progress of a team through the season, into the playoffs and to a championship.

MICROBIOLOGY

Herbs, can they be the Next Generation of Medicine?

The miracle of herbal medication has been used for centuries spanning all the way back to the first generations of our species. One major problem today is that many strains of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. As these resistant bacteria continue to spread, we are always looking for alternative medications to eradicate them. In our experimentations we plan on taking extracts from herbs known to have anti-bacterial properties, such as Lomatium Dissectum, Osha (Liguisticum porteri), Yebra Santa (Erodictyon californicum), and Astragalus, and apply them to indicator organisms: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli (3). By completing these experiments, we hope to receive results that show the herbs prevent the bacteria from growing in what is known as the area of inhibition, which shall show to some extent that the specified herbs do have anti-bacterial properties, and can be used to treat wounds and some viral infections.

Adaptive Resistance of E. coli to Triclosan and Antibiotic Cross-Resistance

Recent concern has been directed towards the public health risks imposed by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may be caused by the unregulated use of biocides. It has been suggested that many of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria may be direct results of the natural phenomena of adaptive resistance to biocides and cross-resistance to antibiotics. The purpose of this research is to test the possibility that the adaptive resistance of bacteria to triclosan leads to cross-resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, penicillin, penicillin G, and streptomycin. E. coli K12 was cultured and exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of triclosan that gradually increased in concentration during five cyclic exposures. After each exposure, the cultures were tested for antibiotic cross-resistance by using antibiotic disks and measuring the zones of inhibition in order to study the development of any antibiotic resistances that result. I expect that the E. coli will adapt to resist the effects of triclosan and this adaptive resistance will gradually cause the bacteria to become more resistant to the antibiotics ampicillin, penicillin, and penicillin G because these antibiotics have similar bacterial targets as triclosan. If this result is achieved, it will signify that the uncontrolled, household use of biocides may have potential, public health effects through the creation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

The effect of Cod Liver Oil on Escherichia coli.

THE EFFECTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON COD LIVER OIL Mansoor, Amtul. John F. Kennedy Memorial High School Teacher: Mrs. Kathleen Piccinich Research has shown that the exposure of certain bacteria (Escherichia coli) to vitamins A and E can increase their proliferation and decrease their ability to translocate to different areas. Cod liver oil, a dietary supplement, is rich in vitamins A, D, and omega-3 fatty acids. It was hypothesized the E-coli exposed to vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin A and D together, and cod liver oil would increase the proliferation of E-coli. 5 groups of E-coli were grown on nutrient agar for 24 hours. Disk saturated in vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin A and D, cod liver oil, and distilled water (control) were placed in newly formed E-coli colonies. Bacteria were examined at 48 hours, and 72 hours for sign of increased growth. Data was collected and analyzed using a T-test. Preliminary data suggest that vitamin A and cod liver oil had some effect on the growth of E-coli, but vitamin D, and vitamin A and D, had no effect of the growth of E-coli. It is hoped that an increase in proliferation would help in increasing normal flora.

pH Adjusted Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively recently advancement in the treatment of tumors and infectious bacteria that employs a photosensitizer (PS), a specially engineered drug that is sensitive to high-wavelength light. This is especially useful for cases of superficial tumors or localized bacterial infections, as surgical incision is unecessary. Through manipulation of the PS, selective absorption can be achieved to eradicate certain specific types of cells. It has been shown in Cunderlikova, et al. 1999, that adjusting the pH of the area around PDT targeted cells to between 5.0 and 5.5 will maximize absorption of the cerium-6 photosensitizer. In this experiment, it was hypothesized that PDT eradication of Staphylococcus epidermidis could be achieved through lowering the pH of the growth medium. In comparing treatment of the bacteria at pH levels of 7.4 (human blood) and 5.5 (ideal antisepsis), lower pH was correlared with greater eradication. A t-test was used to compare the change in surface area of the bacteria before and after treatment. While the results were not statistically significant, they show potential for using pH adjustment as a method of improving PDT. This serves as a model for the eradication of MRSA bacteria, a major problem in hospitals worldwide.

The effect of natural anti-carcinogens on yeast cells when exposed to UV light

The subject of my experiment was to determine the effects of green tea, vitamin C, vitamin D, or vitamin E on yeast cells exposed to UV radiation. The purpose was to determine if any of these agents could reduce the detrimental effects of UV radiation. If theses agents protect yeast from UV radiation damage, and yeast are given these agents prior to UV exposure, then there should be an increased survival rate. UV radiation is a known mutagen that disrupts the natural base pairing of DNA. The literature is full of claims about the anti-carcinogenic effects of green tea, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E but no definitive studies have been done. First, optimal yeast dilutions and UV exposure times were determined. The various agents were administered to the yeast dilutions, plated, and exposed to UV radiation. Results were observed and recorded. The number of yeast on plates exposed to radiation with vitamin D compared favorably to the number of yeast cells on plates with vitamin D but not exposed to radiation. The number of yeast cells on plates exposed to radiation with vitamin D was greater than plates exposed to radiation without vitamin D. The data suggests that Vitamin D may provide protection against UV radiation.

Beneficial effects of fructooligosaccharides on L.acidophilus under heat treatment.

Researchers have found a wide spectrum of positive effects on the human body that lactobacillus provide, a type of bacteria abundant in yogurt. However, for the sake of a longer shelf life, manufacturers pasteurize their yogurt, killing these specific strains of cultures in the process. FOS, a non-digestible dietary fiber, is found to amplify the numbers of lactobacillus in the body. It was hypothesized that FOS may allow lactobacillus acidophilus (a specific type)to survive under the strain of pasteurization. To test this theory, L.acidophilus was cultured on plates of tomato Juice agar that were administered different amounts of FOS. The plates were immediately placed in an incubator at 49 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes to inhibit growth, and then allowed to proliferate at 37 degrees. Data supported the hypothesis that FOS would amplify L.acidophilus values under heat treatment. A T-test was performed. Statistical analysis supported hypothesis at a 95% confidence level.

The effects of most commonly found herbal medicines on Escherichia Coli.

Escherichia Coli, a common bacterium in our colon and part of our normal flora can become infectious when found in other parts of our body. Food handlers who do not wash their hands between bathroom use are often carriers of Escherichia Coli(E.Coli) and can contaminate food. Herbal Medicines have been noted to decrease bacterial growth. It was hypothesized that E.Coli exposed to Herbs such as Ginger, Turmeric, Garlic, and different combinations of each will decrease the growth of E.Coli. E.Coli was grown on Nutrient Agar and was divided into 3 groups and then grown for the time period of 24 hours. Discs were saturated in each herbal solution and then put in the grown Bacteria. Zones of inhibition were measured and T-test were done after a 24 hour time period after discs were put in. Statistical analysis indicated that Garlic, Turmeric, and Ginger can reduce the amount of E.Coli.

The Effect of Natural Substances on Bacteria

The subject of this experiment was to determine if garlic, olive leaf extract, grapefruit seed extract, or aloe vera have antibiotic properties. The purpose was to find alternative treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. If these natural substances have antibiotic properties and gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria are exposed to these substances, then there should be decreased bacterial growth. There have been many unverified claims as to the antibiotic properties of these natural substances, but no definitive experimental studies have been done to support these claims. The natural substances were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the Kirby Baur Sensitivity method and the Phenol coefficient method to determine their effectiveness as antibiotics. Results from the Kirby Baur Sensitivity method showed that garlic had the greatest zone of inhibition against both gram negative bacteria (2.1 mm) and gram positive bacteria (9.4 mm). Grapefruit seed extract showed the second greatest zone of inhibition average with 1.4 mm for gram negative bacteria and 5.1 mm for gram positive bacteria. These results suggest that garlic and grapefruit seed extract contain antibiotic properties and that they are most effective against gram positive bacteria.

Can Seaweed Extract Be Used As An Antimicrobial Agent?

Herbs are of natural medicine and help fight off diseases and illnesses while building up our immune system when necessary. In many Asian countries, plants are a critical source of income and consumption though recently, many crops have been destroyed due to certain bacteria that have contaminated their crops. This has caused a great deficit in the economy as well as in the crop’s harvest. The seaweed plant is a rising herb known for its anti-bacterial properties as well as its great taste. The purpose of our experiment was to test the effects of the seaweed extract against a harmful bacterium know to contaminate plants that are found in Asian crops. After testing different levels of seaweed and bacteria on grass, our results supported the idea that seaweed aids in the growth of grass and inhibition of plant bacteria. Not only is seaweed extract recognized for its anti-bacterial properties but aids in the growth of many plants.

Investigation of Lifespan Length With Mutant Nematodes Grown on A. faecalis

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is used as a model to study the lifespan of multicellular organisms. The C. elegans lifespan mutant age-1 is able to live 60% longer compared to the wild type (N2) when grown on E. coli as a food source. Last year, this researcher found that the normally long-lived age-1 mutant, a mutant in the insulin-like signaling pathway (ILSP) was significantly short-lived compared to the N2 when grown on the bacteria A. faecalis as a food source. This researcher concluded that the A. faecalis food source is able to dominate the ILSP. To extend this hypothesis 2 other mutants of the C. elegans ILSP, daf-2 and daf-28, were tested with A. faecalis as the food source. On the A. faecalis food source the 2 long lived mutants daf-2 and daf-28 had a significantly shorter lifespan compared to their lifespan when grown on E. coli. These results extend the observation that the A. faecalis food source decreases the lifespan of different mutants in the ILSP which normally increases lifespan. This researcher is attempting to isolate suppressor mutants of the age-1 mutant grown on A. faecalis. Using ethylmethylsulfonate as a mutagen, 2 potential suppressor mutants were isolated that lived twice as long on the A. faecalis food source compared to the age-1 strain. Interestingly, these two suppressors both had small outgrowths visible on their posterior end.

Quantifying Bacterial Survival During Controlled Biomass Combustion.

The travel of microbes via wind has potential to result in the global spread of diseases. This happens when plant foliage or infected organisms are incinerated. To demonstrate how microbes from plant foliage can spread,-dried lawn clippings were burned. The viable spores emitted with the resulting smoke were collected and placed on agar to grow potential colonies. Results concurred that bacterial microbes and spores were indeed present in the particulate matter emitted with the smoke. With these results it is possible to conclude that the spread of microbial diseases on a global level could decrease if the number of large conflagration of plant foliage and infected organisms decreases as well.

Green Tea to Cure Acne?

Propionibacterium acnes are anaerobic bacteria that live in certain hair follicles of human skin and feed on sebum (skin oil) to produce propionic acid, an irritant that causes inflammation manifested as acne. Recent studies using (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea, have shown its bactericidal effect on a variety of bacteria. Green tea has been an age-old Chinese remedy for acne. This study investigates any possible effect of EGCG on P acnes, which would indicate the method for the Chinese remedy’s success. Anaerobic liquid cultures of P acnes were treated with various concentrations of EGCG dissolved in DMSO, incubated for 72 hours, and examined via spectrophotometry for absorbance, which indicated the bacteria’s viability. Expected results show EGCG’s bactericidal effects on acne’s causal agent in vitro. Since prior research indicates that EGCG is not harmful to somatic cells, this research suggests the use of EGCG as a topical acne treatment.

An Investigation into Antigenic Variation in Trypanosoma brucei: RNAi Knock-down of Proteins Interfering with RNA Polymerase I Transcription of VSG Expression Sites in Procyclics

The bloodstream form of trypanosomes, the parasites that cause approximately 60,000 people per year to develop “African sleeping sickness”, undergoes a unique form of antigenic variation in which it continuously switches its protein coat to evade the immune system of its host. The form of trypanosome carried by the vector tsetse flies has this antigenic switching mechanism turned off. In order to identify factors involved in the control of this antigenic switching mechanism, I utilized a genetic construct designed to turn off production of proteins involved in repression of the antigenic variation mechanism in the vector form of trypanosomes. The genetic construct was linked to a reporter gene which would produce a green fluorescent color in transformed trypanosomes indicating intake of genes causing control factors to be de-repressed. Understanding the mechanisms controlling antigenic variation in the bloodstream form of trypanosomes is vital in order to learn how to inhibit this continuous antigenic variation making it possible for the immune system to destroy the parasites so people can recover from the disease.

MEDICINE and HEALTH